Ключові технології
Ця частина документації посилання охоплює всі ті технології, що абсолютно інтгровані в Spring Framework.
Перша з ціх є контейнер Spring Framework Inversion of Control (IoC). Ретельне вивчення контейнеру Spring Framework IoC близько слідує повному викладенню технологій Spring Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP). Spring Framework має свій власний AOP, що концептуально просто зрозуміти, та що успішно вирішує 80% найкращих з AOP вимог в ентерпрайз програмуванні Java.
Також надається розгляд інтеграції Spring з AspectJ (це наразі багатша - в термінах можливостей - та беззаперечно найбільш зріла реалізація AOP в ентерпрайз просторі Java).
1. Контейнер IoC
1.1. Вступ до контейнера Spring IoC та бінс
Це глава розглядає реалізацію в Spring Framework принципу Inversion of Control (IoC) [1]. IoC також відоме як інжекція залежностей, dependency injection (DI). Це процес, коли об'єкт визначає власні залежності, тобто, інший об'єкт, з яким він робить, тільки через аргументи конструктора, аргументи метода-фабрики, або властивостей, що встановлюються на екземплярі об'єкта, після того, коли він сконструйований або повернутий з метода-фабрики. Потім котейнер робить ін'єкцію ціх залежностей при створенні біна. Цей процес фундаметально є інверсією, звідки і ім'я Inversion of Control (IoC), з тим, що бін сам контролює створення примірника або пошуку власних залежностей, через використання прямої побудови класів, або через механізм, такий, як шаблон Service Locator.
Пакунки
org.springframework.beans
та org.springframework.context
є основою для контейнера Spring Framework IoC.
Інтерфейс BeanFactory
провадить механізм просунутої конфігурації, здатної до
керування любим типом об'єктів. ApplicationContext
є суб-інтерфейсом BeanFactory
.
Він додає простішу інтеграцію з можливостями Spring AOP; обробка
ресурсів повідомлень (для використання в інтернаціоналізації),
публікація подій; та специфічні контексти рівня застосування,
такі, як WebApplicationContext
,
для в використання в веб застосуваннях.
Якщо
кортко, BeanFactory
провадить фреймворк конфігурації та базову функціональність,
та ApplicationContext
додає ентерпрайз-специфічну функціональність. ApplicationContext
повністю є суперсетом BeanFactory
,
та використовується ексклюзивно в цій главі в описі контейнера
Spring IoC. Для додаткової інформації по використанню BeanFactory
замість ApplicationContext,
посилайтесь до The
BeanFactory.
В Spring, об'єкти, що формують хребет вашого застосування, та що керуються контейнером Spring IoC називаються бінсами (зернами) beans. Бін є об'єктом, примірник якого створюється, збирається, та інакше керується контейнером Spring IoC. Кажучи інакше, бін це просто такий один з об'єктів в вашому застосувані. Бінси, та залежності між ними, відображуються в метаданих конфігурації , що використовуються контейнером.
1.2. Огляд контейнера
Інтерфейс
org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext
представляє контейнер Spring IoC, та відповідний за
створення примірників, конфігурацію, та збирання згаданих вище
бінів. Контейнер отримує інструкції щодо того, які примірники
створювати конфігурувати та збирати, через читання метаданих
конфігурації. Методані конфігурації представлені в XML, Java
анотаціях, або Java коді. Вони дозволяють виражати об'єкти, що
складають застосування, та багаті взаємозалежності між такими
об'єктами.
Декілька
реалізацій інтерфейсу ApplicationContext
підтримуються в Spring прямо з коробки. В окремих
застосуваннях є загальним створювати примірник ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
або FileSystemXmlApplicationContext
.
Доки XML був традиційним форматом для визначення метаданих
конфігурації, ви можете проінструктувати контейнер за допомогою
Java анотацій, або коду в якості формату метаданих, провадячи
малий обсяг XML конфігурації для декларативного вмикання ціх
додаткових форматів даних.
В
більшості сценаріїв застосувань, явний код користувача не
потрібен для створення примірника контейнера Spring IoC.
Наприклад, в сценарії веб застосувань, прості вісім (або близько
цього) рядків шаблонного коду веб дескриптора XML в файлі web.xml
застосвання типово будуть досттатні (дивіться Узгоджене
створення екземплярів ApplicationContext для веб
застосувань). Якщо ви використовуєте Spring
Tool Suite, базоване на Eclipse середовище
розробки, ця шаблонна конфігурація може бути просто створена за
допомогою декількох клацань мишою, або комбінацій клавіш.
Наступна
діаграма є високорівневим поглядом на те, як робить Spring.
Класи вашого застосування комбінуються з метаданими
конфігураціями, так що після того, як ApplicationContext
буде створений та ініціалізований, ви маєте повністю
сконфігуровану та виконувану систему або застосування.

1.2.1. Метадані конфігурації
Як показує попередня діаграма, контейнер Spring IoC споживає форму метаданих конфігурації; ці метадані конфігурації представляє, як ви, як розробник застосування, кажете контейнеру Spring створювати примірники, конфігурувати, та збирати об'єкти в вашому застосуванні.
Метадані конфігурації традиційно постачається в простому та інтуітивному форматі XML, так що це те, як ця глава передає ключові концепції та можливості контейнера Spring IoC.
Базовані на XML метадані не є єдиною формою, дозволеною для метаданих. Контейнер Spring IoC сам по собі повністю відокремлений від формату, в якому насправді записані метадані конфігурації. Сьогодні багато розробників обирають Java-базовану конфігурацію для своїх Spring застосувань. |
Для інформації щодо використання інших форматів метаданих за допомогою Spring контейнера, дивіться:
-
Базована на анотації конфігурація: Spring 2.5 вводить підтримку для базованої на анотаціях метаданих конфігурації.
-
Базована на Java конфігурація: Починаючи зі Spring 3.0, багато можливостей, запроваджених в проекті Spring JavaConfig стає частиною основи Spring Framework. Таким чином, ви можете визначити біни, зовнішні до вашого застосування класи, через використання Java, скоріше, ніж XML файлів. Для використання нових можливостей, дивіться анотації
@Configuration
,@Bean
,@Import
та@DependsOn
.
Конфігурація
Spring складається щонайменше з одного, та типово більше ніж з
одного визначення біна, яким повинен керувати контейнер.
XML-базована конфігурація показує ці біни, сконфігуровані як
елементи <bean/>
всередині високорівневого елементу <beans/>
.
Java конфігурація типово використовує анотовані @Bean
методи всередині класу @Configuration
.
Ці
визначення бінів відповідають до актуальних об'єктів, що
складають ваше застосування. Типово, ви визначаєте об'єкти
рівня сервісіів, об'єкти доступу до даних (DAO), об'єктів
презентації, таких, як примірники Struts Action
,
об'єкти інфраструктури, такі, як Hibernate SessionFactories
,
JMS Queues
,
і так далі. Типово ви не конфігуруєте гарно-виписані доменні
об'єкти в контейнері, оскільки це часто є відповідальність DAO
та бізнес логіки, створювати та завантажувати доменні об'єкти.
Однак ви можете використовувати інтеграцію Spring з AspectJ
для конфігурації об'єктів, об'єктів, що були створені за
межами контролю IoC контейнера. Дивіться Використання
AspectJ для ін'єкції залежностей домених об'єктів за
допомогою Spring.
Наступний приклад показує базову структуру базованих на XML метаданих конфігурації:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="..." class="..."> <!-- колаборатори та конфігурація для цього біна --> </bean> <bean id="..." class="...">
<!-- колаборатори та конфігурація для цього біна -->
</bean> <!-- інші дефініції --> </beans>
Атрибут
id
є
рядком, який ви використовуєте для ідентифікації окремого
визначеня біна. Атрибут class
визначає тип біна, та використовує повністю
кваліфіковане ім'я класу. Значення атрибута id посилається на
об'єкти-коллаборатори. XML для посилання на колаборатори не
показаний в цьому прикладі, дивіться Залежності
для додаткової інформації.
1.2.2. Створення примірника контейнера
Створення
примірника контейнера Spring IoC прямолінійне. Шлях
розташування або шлях, переданий в конструктор ApplicationContext,
насправді
є ресурсними рядками, що дозволяють контейнеру завантажити
метадані конфігураціі з багатьох зовнішніх ресурсів, таких, як
локальна файлова система, з Java CLASSPATH
,
і так далі.
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("services.xml", "daos.xml");
Післі
того, як ви вивчите про контейнер Spring’s IoC, ви
можете побажати пізнати більше щодо абстракції
Spring |
Наступний
приклад показує об'єкти рівня сервісу (services.xml)
в файлі конфігурації:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<!-- services -->
<bean id="petStore" class="org.springframework.samples.jpetstore.services.PetStoreServiceImpl">
<property name="accountDao" ref="accountDao"/>
<property name="itemDao" ref="itemDao"/>
<!-- additional collaborators and configuration for this bean go here -->
</bean>
<!-- more bean definitions for services go here -->
</beans>
Наступний
приклад показує об'єкти доступу до даних в файлі daos.xml
:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="accountDao"
class="org.springframework.samples.jpetstore.dao.jpa.JpaAccountDao">
<!-- additional collaborators and configuration for this bean go here -->
</bean>
<bean id="itemDao" class="org.springframework.samples.jpetstore.dao.jpa.JpaItemDao">
<!-- additional collaborators and configuration for this bean go here -->
</bean>
<!-- more bean definitions for data access objects go here -->
</beans>
В
попередньому прикладі прошарок рівня сервісу складається з
класу PetStoreServiceImpl
,
та двох об'єктів доступу до даних, типу JpaAccountDao
та JpaItemDao
(базовані
на стандарті відзеркалення JPA Object/Relational). Елемент property
name
посилається на ім'я властивості JavaBean,
та елемент ref
посилається на ім'я іншого визначення біна. Цей
зв'язок між елементами id
та ref
виражає залежність між колаборуючими об'єктами. Для
деталей конфігурації об'єктних залежностей, дивіться Залежності.
Композиція XML метаданих конфігурації
Це може бути корисне для визначення бінів, що перетинають декілька XML файлів. Часто кожний окремий файл XML конфігурації предсатвляє логічний рівень або модуль в вашій архитектурі.
Ви
можете використовувати конструктор контексту застосування,
щоб завантажити визначення бін з усіх ціх XML фрагментів.
Цей конструктор приймає декілька локацій Resource
,
як показане в попередньому розділі. Альтернативно,
використовуйте один або більше елементів <import/>
для завантаження визначень бінів з іншого файла або файлів.
Наприклад:
<beans>
<import resource="services.xml"/>
<import resource="resources/messageSource.xml"/>
<import resource="/resources/themeSource.xml"/>
<bean id="bean1" class="..."/>
<bean id="bean2" class="..."/>
</beans>
В
попередньому прикладі зовнішні визначення бінів
завантажуються з трьох файлів: services.xml
,
messageSource.xml
та
themeSource.xml
.
Всі шляхи розташування відносні до файлу визначення, що
робить імпорт, так що services.xml
має бути в тому самому каталозі або по classpath,
що і файл, який робить імпорт, доки messageSource.xml
та themeSource.xml
мають бути в розташуванніresources
під каталогом, де знаходиться імпортуючий файл. Як
ви можете бачити, передуюча коса ігнорується, але беручи, що
ці шляхі відносні, краще не використовувати косі взагалі.
Вміст файлів буде імпортований, включаючи верхньорівневий
елемент <beans/>
,
має бути валідним XML визначенням бінів, відповідно до
Spring Schema.
Можливо, але не рекомендується посилатись на файли і батьківських файлах, використовуючи відносне посилання "../". Роблячи це, ви створююте залежність від файла, що знаходиться за межами поточного застосування. Зокрема, це посилання не рекомендоане для "classpath:" URL (наприклад, "classpath:../services.xml"), коли процес розрішення під час виконання обере "найближчий" корінь classpath, та потім шукатиме в його кореневому каталозі. Зміна конфігурації шляху до класів може призвести до обрання іншої, некоректної директорії. Ви завжди можете повністю кваліфікувати розміщення ресурсів, замість надання відносних шляхів: наприклад, "file:C:/config/services.xml" або "classpath:/config/services.xml". Однак будьте попереджені, що ви пов'язуєте конфігурацію вашого застосуваня з абсолютним розміщенням. Загалом рекомендується утримувати перенаправлення для таких абсолютних локацій, наприклад, через заміщення "${…}", що розрішується через властивості JVM під час виконання. |
Директива імпорту в можливістю, що провадиться самим простором імен бінів. Подальші можливості конфігурації за межами плаского визначення бінів доступні в розділі просторів імен XML, що провадить Spring, а саме, просторах імен "context" та "util".
Groovy DSL визначення бінів
Як подальший приклад розширення метаданих кофігурації, визначення бінів може бути також виражені в Spring Groovy Bean Definition DSL, який відомий з фреймворку Grails. Типово, така конфігурація буде жити в файлі ".groovy" з наступною структурою:
beans {
dataSource(BasicDataSource) {
driverClassName = "org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver"
url = "jdbc:hsqldb:mem:grailsDB"
username = "sa"
password = ""
settings = [mynew:"setting"]
}
sessionFactory(SessionFactory) {
dataSource = dataSource
}
myService(MyService) {
nestedBean = { AnotherBean bean ->
dataSource = dataSource
}
}
}
Цей стиль конфігурації в великій мірі еквівалентний до XML бін дефініцій, та навіть підтримує простори імен конфігурації Spring XML. Він також дозволяє імпорт XML файлів бін дефініцій через директиву "importBeans".
1.2.3. Використання контейнера
ApplicationContext
є інтерфейсом для просунутих фабрик, здатних підтрмувати
реєстр різних бінів та їх залежностей. Використовуючи метод
T
getBean(String name, Class<T> requiredType)
ви можете отримати примірники ваших бінів.
ApplicationContext
дозволяє вам читати визначення бінів, то отримувати
доступ до них таким чином:
// створити та конфігурувати біни
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("services.xml", "daos.xml");
// отримати сконфігурований примірник
PetStoreService service = context.getBean("petStore", PetStoreService.class);
// використати сконфігурований примірник
List<String> userList = service.getUsernameList();
За допомогою конфігурації Groovy розгортання виглядає дуже подібно, просто використовується інший клас реалізації контексту, що розуміє Groovy (але він також розуміє XML бін визначення):
ApplicationContext context = new GenericGroovyApplicationContext("services.groovy", "daos.groovy");
Найбільш
гнучкий варіант є GenericApplicationContext
в комбінації з делегатами читачів, наприклад, XmlBeanDefinitionReader
для XML файлів:
GenericApplicationContext context = new GenericApplicationContext();
new XmlBeanDefinitionReader(context).loadBeanDefinitions("services.xml", "daos.xml");
context.refresh();
Або
з GroovyBeanDefinitionReader
для Groovy файлів:
GenericApplicationContext context = new GenericApplicationContext();
new GroovyBeanDefinitionReader(context).loadBeanDefinitions("services.groovy", "daos.groovy");
context.refresh();
Такі
делегати читачів можуть бути змішані на одному ApplicationContext
,
читаючи визачення бінів з різних джерел конфігурації, якщо є
таке бажання.
Потім
ви можете використовувати getBean
для отримання примірників бінів. Інтерфейс ApplicationContext
має декілька інших методів для отримання бінів, але в ідеалі
ваше застосування не повинно ніколи їх використовувати.
Замість цього код вашого застосування не повинен мати до
метода getBean()
взагалі, і, таким чином, не мати залежності від
Spring API. Наприклад, інтеграція Spring з веб фреймворками
провадить ін'єкцію залежностей для декількох компонент веб
фреймворків, таких, як контролери та JSF-керовані біни,
дозволяючи вам декларувати залежності до окремого біну через
метадані (так звані анотації автопідключення).
1.3. Огляд бінів
Контейнер
Spring IoC керує одним або більше біном. Ці біни створюються на
основі метаданих конфігурації, що надаються до контейнера,
наприклад, в формі визначень XML <bean/>
.
В
самому контейнері ці визначення бінів представлені як об'єкти
BeanDefinition
,
що містять (окрім іншої інформації) наступні метадані:
-
Пакунок-кваліфіковане ім'я класу: типово актуальний клас реалізації біна, що визначається.
-
елементи конфігурації біна, що вказують, як бін має поводитись в контейнері (поле дії, зворотні виклику життєвого циклу, і так далі).
-
Посилання на інші біни, що потрібні для біна до роботи; ці посилання також відомі як колабортори або залежності.
-
Інші налаштування конфігурації, що встановлюються для новоствореного об'єкту, наприклад, число з'єднань, що буде використовувати бін, що обслуговує пул з'єднань, або ліміт розміру пула.
Ці метадані трнслюються в набір властивостей, що складають кожне визначення біна.
Властивість | Пояснюється в… |
---|---|
клас |
|
ім'я |
|
поле дії |
|
аргументи конструктора |
|
властивості |
|
режим автопідключення |
|
режим лінивої ініціалізації |
|
метод ініціалізації |
|
метод руйнування |
На
додаток до визначень бінів, що містять інформацію щодо того, як
створювати окремий бін, реалізаціїApplicationContext
також дозволяють реєстрацію існуючих об'єктів, що створені за
межами контейнера, користувачами. Це робиться через доступ до
ApplicationContext BeanFactory через метод getBeanFactory()
,
що повертає BeanFactory реалізацію
DefaultListableBeanFactory
. DefaultListableBeanFactory
підтримує цю реєстрацію через методи registerSingleton(..)
та registerBeanDefinition(..)
.
Однак, типова робота застосування тільки через біни, визначені
через метадані визначення бінів.
Метадані бінів та вручну надані екземпляри синглтонів мають бути зареєстровані так рано, як це можливо, щоб контейнер відповідно розмірковував щодо них під час автопідключення, та інших кроків інтроспекції. Хоча переписування існуючих метаданих та існуючих примірників синглтонів підтримується до певної міри, реєстрація нових бінів під час виконання (одночасно з живим доступом до фабрики) офіційно не підтримується, та може призвести до винятків одночасного доступу та/або неузгодженого стану в бін контейнері. |
1.3.1. Іменування бінів
Кожний бін має один або більше ідентифікаторів. Ці ідентифікатори мають бути унікальними в контейнері, що містить бін. Бін звичайно має тільки один ідентифікатор, але якщо він потребує більше одного, в такому разі додаткові можуть розглядатись як псевдоніми.
В
метаданих конфігурації XML ви можете використовувати атрибути
id
та/або name
для вказання ідентифікаторів біна. Атрибут id
дозволяє
вам вказати тільки один ідентифікатор. За домовленостю ці
імена символьні ('myBean', 'fooService', тощо), але можуть
містити також і особливі символи. Якщо ви бажаєте додати інші
імена до біна, ви можете вказати їх в атрибуті name
,
розділені комою, комою з крапкою або проміжком. Як історичне
зауваження в версіях до Spring 3.1, атрибут id
був
визначений як тип xsd:ID
,
що обмежує можливі символи. Починаючи з 3.1 він визначений як
тип xsd:string
.
Зауважте, що id
біна все ще примушається з боку контейнера, але більше не з
боку парсерів XML.
Вам
не треба задавати ім'я або id для біна. Якщо ім'я не задане
явно, контейнер згенерує унікальне ім'я для біна. Однак якщо
ви бажаєте звертатись до біна через ім'я, через використання
елементу ref
,
або через пошук Service
Locator, ви маєте провадите ім'я. Мотивація не задавати
ім'я пов'язана з внутрішніми
бінами та колаборацією
автопідключення.
При
скануванні компонентів в classpath Spring генерує
імена бінів для нензваних компонент, слідуючи
правилу нижче: просто слідуя простому імені класу,
та переводячи перший символ в нижній реєстр. Однак в
(незвичайних) випадках, коли більше ніж один перший
символ в великому реєстві, зберігається оригінальне
розташування літер. Це ті самі правила, що визачені
в |
Псевдоними бінів за межами визначення біна
В
самому визначенні біну ви можете задати більше ніж одне ім'я
біну, через використання комбінації одного імені в атрибуті
id
,
та любе число імен в атрибуті name
.
Ці імена можуть бути еквівалентими аліасами до того самого
біна, та корисні в деяких ситуаціях, таких, як дозволити
кожному компоненту в застосуванні посилатись на загальну
залежність, через використання імені біну, що специфічне для
до самого компоненту.
Однак
вказувати всі імена бінів там, де бін дійсно визначається,
не завжди адекватно. Іноді бажано ввести псевдоним для біну,
що визначний деінде. Це загальний випадок в великих
системах, де конфігурація рознесена по кожній субсистемі,
маючи свій особливий набір визнчення об'єктів. В метаданих
конфігурації XML ви можете використовувати призначений саме
для цього елемент <alias/>
.
<alias name="fromName" alias="toName"/>
В
цьому випадку бін, що в тому самому контейнері вигладяє як fromName
,
може також альтернативно використовувати це визначення
псевдониму, що посилається як toName
.
Наприклад,
метадані конфігурації для субсистеми A може посилатись
на DataSource через ім'я subsystemA-dataSource
.
Метадані конфігурації для субсистеми B може посилатись до
DataSource через ім'я subsystemB-dataSource
.
Коли ми компонуємо головне застосування, що використовує
обоє з ціх субсистем, головне застосування посилається на
DataSource через ім'я myApp-dataSource
.
Щоб мати всі три імені до того самого об'єкту, ви додаєте
метадані конфігурації MyApp наступні визначення псевдонімів:
<alias name="subsystemA-dataSource" alias="subsystemB-dataSource"/>
<alias name="subsystemA-dataSource" alias="myApp-dataSource" />
Тепер кожний компонент та головне затосування може посилатись на dataSource через ім'я, що унікальне, та гарантовано не перетинається з іншими визначеннями (ефективно утворюючи простір імен), та при цьому посилаються на той самий бін.
1.3.2. Створення примірників бінів
Визначення біну - це в основному рецепт створення одного або більше об'єктів. Контейнер дивиться на рецепт для названого біну, коли його запитують, та використовує метадані конфігурації, вбудовані в визначення біну, щоб створити (або захопити) справжній об'єкт.
Якщо
ви використовуєте базовані на XML метадані конфігурації, ви
вказуєте тип (або клас) об'єкта, що буде створений в атрибуті
class
елементу
<bean/>
.
Цей атрибутclass
,
що зсередини є властивістю класу Class
примірнику BeanDefinition
,
звичайно є обов'язковими. (Щодо виключень дивіться Створення
примірників з використанням метода-фабрики примірників
та Наслідування
визначень бінів). Ви використовуєте властивість Class
в один з двох способів:
-
Типово для встановлення класу біна, що має бути сконструйований, в випадку, коли контейнер сам створює бін через рефлективний виклик конструктора, це дещо подібне до Java коду, що викликає оператор
new
. -
Щоб вказати дійсний клас, що містить
static
метод-фабрику, що буде викликатись для створення об'єкту, в менш загальному випадку, коли контейнер викликає статичну фабрику на класі, щоб створити бін. Тип об'єкту, що повертається зі статичного методу-фабрики, може бути той самий клас, або повністю інший.
Створення примірника за допомогою конструктора
Коли ви створюєте бін за допомогою конструктора, можуть використовуватись всі класи, та всі сумісні із Spring. Тобто розроблений клас не має реалізувати жодного окремого інтерфейсу, або бути закодованим в певний способ. Достатньо тільки вказати клас біну. Однак, в залежності від того, який тип IoC ви використовуєте для вказаного біну, ви можете потребувати констуктор по замовчанню (порожній).
Контейнер Spring IoC може крувати віртульно любим класом, який ви бажаєте надати в його розпорядження; це не лемітовано до справжніх JavaBean. Більшість користувачів Spring схиляються до дійсних JavaBeans, з єдиним порожнім конструкором, та відповідними сеттерами та геттерами, змодельованими для властивостей в контейнері. Ви також можете мати більш екзотичні, не-бін-стайл класи, в вашому контейнері. Якщо, наприклад, вам треба використати старий пул з'єднань, що абсолютно не поважає специфікацію JavaBean, Spring зможе керувати цім також.
За допомогою XML конфігурації ви можете вказати цей клас біну таким чином:
<bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean"/>
<bean name="anotherExample" class="examples.ExampleBeanTwo"/>
Щодо деталей про механізм для надання аргументів до конструктора (якщо вони потрібні), та встановлення властивостей примірника після того, як об'єкт сконструйований, дивіться Ін'єкція залежностей.
Створення примірників за допоогою статичного метода-фабрики
Коли
визначається бін, який ви створюєте за допомогою статичного
метода-фабрики ви використовєте атрибут class
для вказання класу, що містить цей статичний метод, та
атрибут factory-method
для
задання самого імені методу. Ви повинні бути в змозі
викликати цей метод (з опціональними аргументами, як
показано далі), та повернути живий об'єкт, що
відповідно трактується, якби він був створений через
конструктор. Одне з використань такого визначення біна
є виклик статичної фабрики в старому коді.
Наступне
визначення коду вказує, що бін буде створений з
використанням статичного метода-фабрики. Визначеня не вказує
тип (клас) повернутого об'єкта, тільки клас, що містить
метод-фабрику. В цьому прикладі метод createInstance()
має
бути статичним методом.
<bean id="clientService"
class="examples.ClientService"
factory-method="createInstance"/>
public class ClientService {
private static ClientService clientService = new ClientService();
private ClientService() {}
public static ClientService createInstance() {
return clientService;
}
}
За деталями щодо механізму надання (опціональних) аргументів до метода-фабрики та встановлення властивостей примірника, після того, як об'єкт повертаєтсья з фабрики, дивіться Залежності та конфігурація в деталях.
Створення примірника з використанням метода-фабрики примірника
Подібно
до створення примірника через статичний
метод-фабрику, створення примірника за допомогою
метода-фабрики викликає нестатичний метод на існуючому біні
з контейнера, щоб створити новий бін. Щоб використати цей
механізм залиште атрибут класу пустим, та в атрибуті factory-bean
вкажіть ім'я біна в поточному (або
батьківському/дочірньому) контейнері, що містить метод
примірника, що буде викликаний для створення об'єкта.
Встановіть ім'я фабрики метода-фабрики за допомогою атрибута
factory-method
.
<!-- бін-фабрика, що має метод createInstance() -->
<bean id="serviceLocator" class="examples.DefaultServiceLocator">
<!-- вставьте любі залежності, потрібні для цього локатора -->
</bean>
<!-- бін, що буде створений через бін-фабрику -->
<bean id="clientService"
factory-bean="serviceLocator"
factory-method="createClientServiceInstance"/>
public class DefaultServiceLocator {
private static ClientService clientService = new ClientServiceImpl();
public ClientService createClientServiceInstance() {
return clientService;
}
}
Один клас-фабрика може містити більше ніж один метод-фабрику, як показано тут:
<bean id="serviceLocator" class="examples.DefaultServiceLocator"> <!--
вставьте любі залежності, потрібні для цього локатора
--> </bean> <bean id="clientService" factory-bean="serviceLocator" factory-method="createClientServiceInstance"/> <bean id="accountService" factory-bean="serviceLocator" factory-method="createAccountServiceInstance"/>
public class DefaultServiceLocator {
private static ClientService clientService = new ClientServiceImpl();
private static AccountService accountService = new AccountServiceImpl();
public ClientService createClientServiceInstance() {
return clientService;
}
public AccountService createAccountServiceInstance() {
return accountService;
}
}
Цей підхід показує, що сам бін-фабрика може бути керований та сонфігурований через ін'єкцію залежносте (DI). Дивіться Залежності та конфігурація в деталях.
В
документації Spring бін-фабрика посилається
на бін, що сконфігурований в контейнері Spring, що
створює через примірник
або статичний
метод-фабрику. На відміну, |
1.4. Залежності
Типове ентерпрайз застосування не складається з єдиного об'єкта (або біна мовою Spring). Навіть простіше застосування має декілька об'єктів, що роблять разом для представлення, що користувач бачить як єдине застосування. Цей розділ пояснює, як ви проходите від визачення декількох визначень бінів, що існують окремо, до повністю реалізованого застосування, де об'єкти колаборують для досягнення цілі.
1.4.1. Ін'єкція залежностей
Ін'єкція залежностей (DI) є процесом, коли об'єкти визначають свої залежнсоті, тобто інші об'єкти, з якими вони роблять, тільки через аргументи конструктора, аргументи метода-фабрики, або властивості, що встановлюються на примірнику після того, як він побудований або повернений з метода-фабрики. Потім контейнер робить ін'єкцію ціх залежностей під час створення біну. Цей процес в основі є інверсією, звідки походить назва Інверсія керування (IoC), бо бін сам контролює створення примірників або розміщення власних залежностей, використовуючи пряме створення класу, або шаблон Service Locator.
Код стає чистішим завдяки принципу DI та відокремлення більш ефективне, коли об'єкти провадяться через їх залежності. Об'єкт не виконує пошук своїх залежностей, та не знає розміщення або клас залежностей. Як такий, ваш клас легше тестувати, зокрема коли залежності є інтерфейсами або абстрактними класами, що дозволяє мок-реалізації для використання в юніт тестах.
DI існує в двох головних варіантах, Ін'єкція залежностей на базі конструкторів та Ін'єкція залежностей на базі сеттерів.
Ін'єкція залежностей на базі конструкторів
DI на базі конструкторів - це коли контейнер викликає конструктор з декількома аргументами, кожний представляє собою залежність. Виклик статичного метода-фабрики з певними аргументами для конструювання біну майже еквівалентне, та ця дискусія трактує аргументи до конструктора та статичного метода-фабрики подібним чином. Наступний приклад показує клас, що може бути тільки ін'єктований за допомогою ін'єкції конструктора. Зауважте, що тут немає нічого особливого щодо цього класу, це POJO, що не має залежностей від спеціальних інтерфейсів контейнера, базових класів або анотацій.
public class SimpleMovieLister {
// SimpleMovieLister має залежність від MovieFinder
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
// конструктор зроблений так, що контейнер Spring може вставити MovieFinder
public SimpleMovieLister(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
// бізнес логіка, що насправді використовує ін'єктований MovieFinder...
}
Розрішення аргументів конструктора
Розрішення аргументів конструктора відбувається з використанням типів аргументів. Якщо не виникає потенційної неоднозначності серед аргументів конструктора в визначенні біна, тоді порядок, в якому визначаються аргументи конструктора, є порядком в якому аргументи надходять до відповідного конструктора, коли створюється примірник біна. Розглянемо наступний клас:
package x.y;
public class Foo {
public Foo(Bar bar, Baz baz) {
// ...
}
}
Тут
не існує неоднозначності, вважаючи що класи Bar
та Baz
не пов'язані наслідуванням. Таким чином конфігурація
робить гарно, та вам не треба вказувати індекси
аргументів конструктора та/або типи явно в
елементі <constructor-arg/>
.
<beans>
<bean id="foo" class="x.y.Foo">
<constructor-arg ref="bar"/>
<constructor-arg ref="baz"/>
</bean>
<bean id="bar" class="x.y.Bar"/>
<bean id="baz" class="x.y.Baz"/>
</beans>
Коли
є посилання на інший бін, відомий тип, та може відбутись
порівняння (як біло в попередньому прикладі). Коли
використовується простий тип, як <value>true</value>
,
Spring не може визначити тип значення, і, таким чином не
може виконати порівняння типів без допомоги. Розглянемо
наступний клас:
package examples;
public class ExampleBean {
// Число років для обчислення Ultimate Answer
private int years;
// Answer to Life, the Universe, and Everything
private String ultimateAnswer;
public ExampleBean(int years, String ultimateAnswer) {
this.years = years;
this.ultimateAnswer = ultimateAnswer;
}
}
В
попередньому сценарії контейнер може використовувати
співпадіння типів з простими типами, якщо ви явно
вкажете тип аргумента конструктора, використовуючи
аргумент type
.
Наприклад:
<bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean">
<constructor-arg type="int" value="7500000"/>
<constructor-arg type="java.lang.String" value="42"/>
</bean>
Використовуйте
атрибут index
для задання індексу аргументів конструктора.
Наприклад:
<bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean">
<constructor-arg index="0" value="7500000"/>
<constructor-arg index="1" value="42"/>
</bean>
На додаток до розрішення неоднозначністей декількох простих значень, вказання індексів розрішує неоднозначність, коли конструктор має два аргументи того самого типу. Зауважте, що індекс починається з 0.
Ви також можете використовувати ім'я для розрішення значень:
<bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean">
<constructor-arg name="years" value="7500000"/>
<constructor-arg name="ultimateAnswer" value="42"/>
</bean>
Майте на увазі, що щоб це робило прямо з копобки ваш код має бути скомпільований з флагом налаштування, так що Spring може шукати імена параметрів конструктора. Якщо ви не можете скомпілювати ваш код з флагом налаштування (або не бажаєте це робити), ви можете використати анотацію @ConstructorProperties, щоб явно задати імена для аргументів конструктора. Клас-приклад потім має виглядати таким чином:
package examples;
public class ExampleBean {
// Fields omitted
@ConstructorProperties({"years", "ultimateAnswer"})
public ExampleBean(int years, String ultimateAnswer) {
this.years = years;
this.ultimateAnswer = ultimateAnswer;
}
}
Ін'єкція залежностей на базі сеттерів
DI на совнові сеттерів - це коли контейнер викликає методи-сеттери для ваших бінів після виклику конструктора без параметрів, або статичного метода-фабрики, для створення примірника.
Наступний приклад показує клас, що може бути ін'єктований з використанням чистої сеттерної ін'єкції. Цей клас є чистим Java. Це POJO, що не має залежностей від інтерфейсів контейнера, базових класів або анотацій.
public class SimpleMovieLister {
// SimpleMovieLister має залежність від MovieFinder
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
// метод-сеттер, через який контейнер Spring може вствити MovieFinder
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
// бізнес логіка...
}
ApplicationContext
підтримує базований на конструкторах та сеттерах DI
для бінів, якими він керує. Він також підтримує
сеттер-базований DI після того, як деякі з залежностей вже
були ін'єктовані через конструктор. Ви конфігуруєте
залежнсоті в формі BeanDefinition
,
який ви використовуєте разом з примірниками PropertyEditor
для
конвертації властивостей з одного формату в інший.
Однак більшість користувачів Spring не роблять з ціма
класами напряму (тобто програмно), але через визначення XML bean
,
анотовані компоненти (класи, анотовані як @Component
,@Controller
,
тощо), або методів @Bean
в Java-базованих класах @Configuration
.
Ці джерела потім конвертуються внутрішньо в примірники BeanDefinition
,
та використовуються для завантаження цілого примірника
контейнера Spring IoC.
Процес розрішення залежностей
Контейнер виконує розрішення залежностей бінів наступним чином:
-
ApplicationContext
створюється та ініціалізується метаданими конфігурації, що описує всі біни. Метадані конфігурації можуть бути задані через XML, код Java, або анотації. -
Для кожного біна його залежності виражені в формі властивостей, аргументів конструктора, або аргументів статичного метода-фабрики, якщо ви використовуєте його замість звичайного конструктора. Ці залежності провадяться до біну, коли бін справді створюється.
-
Кожна властивість або аргумент конструктора є дійсним визначенням значення, що треба встановити, або посиланням на інший бін в контейнері.
-
Кожна властивість або аргумент конструктора, що є значенням, конвертується зі свого вказаного формату в дійсний тип тієї властивості або аргумент конструктора. По замовчанню Spring може конвертувати значення, надане в вигляді рядка, до всіх вбудованих типів, таких, як
int
,long
,String
,boolean
тощо, .
Контейнер Spring перевіряє конфігурацію кожного біна при створені контейнера. Однак самі властивості біна не встановлюються, доки бін не буде насправді створюватись. Біни, що мають область оглядовості синглтона, та встановлюються в перед-визначене значення (по замочанню), створюються при створенні контейнера. Області визначаються в Областях бінів. Інакше бін створюється тільки за потреби. Створення біна потенційно викликає створення графа бінів, бо створюються та присвоюються залежності бінів, та залежності залежностей (і так далі). Зауважте, що неспівпадіння розрішення серед ціх залежностей може виявитись пізно, тобто, при першому створенні задіяного біну.
Загалом
ви можете довіряти Spring, що він робить гарні речі. Він
детектує проблеми конфігурації, такі, як посилання на
неіснючі біни та циклічні залежності, під час завантаження
контейнера. Spring встановлює властивості та розрішує
залежності так пізно, як це можливо, коли бін насправді
створюється. Це означає, що контейнер Spring, загружений
коректно, може пізніше генерувати виключення, коли він
потребує об'єкт, коли є проблема зі створенням цього
об'єкту, або одної з його залежностей. Наприклад, бін
викликає виключення як результат недостатньої або невалідної
властивості. Це потенційно затримує видимість деяких проблем
конфігурації, та тому реалізації ApplicationContext
по замовчанню попередньо створюють синглтон-біни.
Ціною деякого попереднього часу та пам'яті для створення ціх
бінів, до того, як вони дійсно знадобляться, ви знайдете
проблеми конфігурації при створенні ApplicationContext
,
а не пізніше. Ви можете все ще перекрити поведінку по
замовчанню, так що біни-синглтони будуть ініціалізовані
ліниво, скоріше, ніж заздалегідь.
Якщо циклічних залежності існують, тоді один або більше з колаборуючих бінів вставляються в залежний бін, кожний колаборуючий бін тотально конфігурується до того, як буде вставлений в залежний бін. Це означає, що якщо бін A має залежність від біну B, контейнер Spring IoC повністю конфігурує бін B перед викликом, для виклику метода сеттера на біні A. Іншими словами, бін втілюється (якщо це не попередньо створений синглтон), встанвллються його залежності, та викликаються його відповідні методи життєвого циклу (такі як метод конфігурованої ініціалізації або метод зворотнього виклику InitializingBean).
Приклади ін'єкції залежностей
Наступний приклад використовує XML метадні конфігурації для сеттер-DI. Мала частина є частиною файлу конфігурації Spring XML, що задає деякі визначення бінів:
<bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean">
<!-- setter injection using the nested ref element -->
<property name="beanOne">
<ref bean="anotherExampleBean"/>
</property>
<!-- setter injection using the neater ref attribute -->
<property name="beanTwo" ref="yetAnotherBean"/>
<property name="integerProperty" value="1"/>
</bean>
<bean id="anotherExampleBean" class="examples.AnotherBean"/>
<bean id="yetAnotherBean" class="examples.YetAnotherBean"/>
public class ExampleBean {
private AnotherBean beanOne;
private YetAnotherBean beanTwo;
private int i;
public void setBeanOne(AnotherBean beanOne) {
this.beanOne = beanOne;
}
public void setBeanTwo(YetAnotherBean beanTwo) {
this.beanTwo = beanTwo;
}
public void setIntegerProperty(int i) {
this.i = i;
}
}
В попередньому прикладі сеттери декларовані для співпадіння з властивостями, заданими в файлі XML. Наступний приклад використовує конструктор-DI:
<bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean">
<!-- constructor injection using the nested ref element -->
<constructor-arg>
<ref bean="anotherExampleBean"/>
</constructor-arg>
<!-- constructor injection using the neater ref attribute -->
<constructor-arg ref="yetAnotherBean"/>
<constructor-arg type="int" value="1"/>
</bean>
<bean id="anotherExampleBean" class="examples.AnotherBean"/>
<bean id="yetAnotherBean" class="examples.YetAnotherBean"/>
public class ExampleBean {
private AnotherBean beanOne;
private YetAnotherBean beanTwo;
private int i;
public ExampleBean(
AnotherBean anotherBean, YetAnotherBean yetAnotherBean, int i) {
this.beanOne = anotherBean;
this.beanTwo = yetAnotherBean;
this.i = i;
}
}
Аргументи
конструктора, вказані в визначенні конструктора, будуть
використані як аргументи до констурктора ExampleBean
.
Тепер розглянемо варіант прикладу, де замість конструктора використовується статичний метод-фабрика, що повертає примірник об'єкту:
<bean id="exampleBean" class="examples.ExampleBean" factory-method="createInstance">
<constructor-arg ref="anotherExampleBean"/>
<constructor-arg ref="yetAnotherBean"/>
<constructor-arg value="1"/>
</bean>
<bean id="anotherExampleBean" class="examples.AnotherBean"/>
<bean id="yetAnotherBean" class="examples.YetAnotherBean"/>
public class ExampleBean {
// приватний конструктор
private ExampleBean(...) {
...
}
// статичний метод-фабрика; аргументи цього метода можуть розглядатись
// як залежності біна, що повертається, не залежно як вони використовуються.
public static ExampleBean createInstance (
AnotherBean anotherBean, YetAnotherBean yetAnotherBean, int i) {
ExampleBean eb = new ExampleBean (...);
// деякі інші операції...
return eb;
}
}
Аргументи
статичного метода-фабрики передаються через елементи<constructor-arg/>
,
точно так само, якщо б був використаний конструктор. Тип
класу, що повертається фабрикою, не має бути того самого
типу, що і клас, що має статичний метод-фабрику, хоча в
прикладі це є так. Примірник (нестатичний) метода-фабрики
може бути використаний в майже такому ж вигляді (крім
використання атрибуту factory-bean
замість атрибуту class
),
так що деталі не будуть тут розглядатись.
1.4.2. Dependencies and configuration in detail
As
mentioned in the previous section, you can define bean
properties and constructor arguments as references to other
managed beans (collaborators), or as values defined inline.
Spring’s XML-based configuration metadata supports sub-element
types within its <property/>
and <constructor-arg/>
elements
for this purpose.
Straight values (primitives, Strings, and so on)
The value
attribute
of the <property/>
element
specifies a property or constructor argument as a
human-readable string representation. Spring’s conversion
service is used to convert these
values from a String
to
the actual type of the property or argument.
<bean id="myDataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<!-- results in a setDriverClassName(String) call -->
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb"/>
<property name="username" value="root"/>
<property name="password" value="masterkaoli"/>
</bean>
The following example uses the p-namespace for even more succinct XML configuration.
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="myDataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource"
destroy-method="close"
p:driverClassName="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"
p:url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb"
p:username="root"
p:password="masterkaoli"/>
</beans>
The preceding XML is more succinct; however, typos are discovered at runtime rather than design time, unless you use an IDE such as IntelliJ IDEA or the Spring Tool Suite (STS) that support automatic property completion when you create bean definitions. Such IDE assistance is highly recommended.
You
can also configure a java.util.Properties
instance
as:
<bean id="mappings"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer">
<!-- typed as a java.util.Properties -->
<property name="properties">
<value>
jdbc.driver.className=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydb
</value>
</property>
</bean>
The
Spring container converts the text inside the <value/>
element
into a java.util.Properties
instance
by using the JavaBeans PropertyEditor
mechanism.
This is a nice shortcut, and is one of a few places where
the Spring team do favor the use of the nested <value/>
element
over the value
attribute
style.
The idref element
The idref
element
is simply an error-proof way to pass the id (string
value - not a reference) of another bean in the container
to a <constructor-arg/>
or <property/>
element.
<bean id="theTargetBean" class="..."/>
<bean id="theClientBean" class="...">
<property name="targetName">
<idref bean="theTargetBean"/>
</property>
</bean>
The above bean definition snippet is exactly equivalent (at runtime) to the following snippet:
<bean id="theTargetBean" class="..." />
<bean id="client" class="...">
<property name="targetName" value="theTargetBean"/>
</bean>
The
first form is preferable to the second, because using the idref
tag
allows the container to validate at
deployment time that the
referenced, named bean actually exists. In the second
variation, no validation is performed on the value that is
passed to the targetName
property
of the client
bean.
Typos are only discovered (with most likely fatal results)
when the client
bean
is actually instantiated. If the client
bean
is a prototype bean,
this typo and the resulting exception may only be
discovered long after the container is deployed.
The |
A
common place (at least in versions earlier than Spring
2.0) where the <idref/>
element
brings value is in the configuration of AOP
interceptors in a ProxyFactoryBean
bean
definition. Using <idref/>
elements
when you specify the interceptor names prevents you from
misspelling an interceptor id.
References to other beans (collaborators)
The ref
element
is the final element inside a <constructor-arg/>
or <property/>
definition
element. Here you set the value of the specified property of
a bean to be a reference to another bean (a collaborator)
managed by the container. The referenced bean is a
dependency of the bean whose property will be set, and it is
initialized on demand as needed before the property is set.
(If the collaborator is a singleton bean, it may be
initialized already by the container.) All references are
ultimately a reference to another object. Scoping and
validation depend on whether you specify the id/name of the
other object through the bean
, local,
or parent
attributes.
Specifying
the target bean through the bean
attribute
of the <ref/>
tag
is the most general form, and allows creation of a reference
to any bean in the same container or parent container,
regardless of whether it is in the same XML file. The value
of the bean
attribute
may be the same as the id
attribute
of the target bean, or as one of the values in the name
attribute
of the target bean.
<ref bean="someBean"/>
Specifying
the target bean through the parent
attribute
creates a reference to a bean that is in a parent container
of the current container. The value of the parent
attribute
may be the same as either the id
attribute
of the target bean, or one of the values in the name
attribute
of the target bean, and the target bean must be in a parent
container of the current one. You use this bean reference
variant mainly when you have a hierarchy of containers and
you want to wrap an existing bean in a parent container with
a proxy that will have the same name as the parent bean.
<!-- in the parent context -->
<bean id="accountService" class="com.foo.SimpleAccountService">
<!-- insert dependencies as required as here -->
</bean>
<!-- in the child (descendant) context -->
<bean id="accountService" <!-- bean name is the same as the parent bean -->
class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
<property name="target">
<ref parent="accountService"/> <!-- notice how we refer to the parent bean -->
</property>
<!-- insert other configuration and dependencies as required here -->
</bean>
The |
Inner beans
A <bean/>
element
inside the <property/>
or <constructor-arg/>
elements
defines a so-called inner
bean.
<bean id="outer" class="...">
<!-- instead of using a reference to a target bean, simply define the target bean inline -->
<property name="target">
<bean class="com.example.Person"> <!-- this is the inner bean -->
<property name="name" value="Fiona Apple"/>
<property name="age" value="25"/>
</bean>
</property>
</bean>
An
inner bean definition does not require a defined id or name;
if specified, the container does not use such a value as an
identifier. The container also ignores the scope
flag
on creation: Inner beans are always anonymous
and they are alwayscreated
with the outer bean. It is not possible
to inject inner beans into collaborating beans other than
into the enclosing bean or to access them independently.
As a corner case, it is possible to receive destruction callbacks from a custom scope, e.g. for a request-scoped inner bean contained within a singleton bean: The creation of the inner bean instance will be tied to its containing bean, but destruction callbacks allow it to participate in the request scope’s lifecycle. This is not a common scenario; inner beans typically simply share their containing bean’s scope.
Collections
In
the <list/>
, <set/>
, <map/>
,
and <props/>
elements,
you set the properties and arguments of the Java Collection
types List
, Set
, Map
,
and Properties
,
respectively.
<bean id="moreComplexObject" class="example.ComplexObject">
<!-- results in a setAdminEmails(java.util.Properties) call -->
<property name="adminEmails">
<props>
<prop key="administrator">administrator@example.org</prop>
<prop key="support">support@example.org</prop>
<prop key="development">development@example.org</prop>
</props>
</property>
<!-- results in a setSomeList(java.util.List) call -->
<property name="someList">
<list>
<value>a list element followed by a reference</value>
<ref bean="myDataSource" />
</list>
</property>
<!-- results in a setSomeMap(java.util.Map) call -->
<property name="someMap">
<map>
<entry key="an entry" value="just some string"/>
<entry key ="a ref" value-ref="myDataSource"/>
</map>
</property>
<!-- results in a setSomeSet(java.util.Set) call -->
<property name="someSet">
<set>
<value>just some string</value>
<ref bean="myDataSource" />
</set>
</property>
</bean>
The value of a map key or value, or a set value, can also again be any of the following elements:
bean | ref | idref | list | set | map | props | value | null
Collection merging
The
Spring container also supports the merging of
collections. An application developer can define a
parent-style <list/>
, <map/>
, <set/>
or <props/>
element,
and have child-style <list/>
, <map/>
, <set/>
or <props/>
elements
inherit and override values from the parent collection.
That is, the child collection’s values are the result of
merging the elements of the parent and child collections,
with the child’s collection elements overriding values
specified in the parent collection.
This section on merging discusses the parent-child bean mechanism. Readers unfamiliar with parent and child bean definitions may wish to read the relevant section before continuing.
The following example demonstrates collection merging:
<beans>
<bean id="parent" abstract="true" class="example.ComplexObject">
<property name="adminEmails">
<props>
<prop key="administrator">administrator@example.com</prop>
<prop key="support">support@example.com</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="child" parent="parent">
<property name="adminEmails">
<!-- the merge is specified on the child collection definition -->
<props merge="true">
<prop key="sales">sales@example.com</prop>
<prop key="support">support@example.co.uk</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
<beans>
Notice
the use of the merge=true
attribute
on the <props/>
element
of the adminEmails
property
of the child
bean
definition. When the child
bean
is resolved and instantiated by the container, the
resulting instance has an adminEmails
Properties
collection
that contains the result of the merging of the child’s adminEmails
collection
with the parent’s adminEmails
collection.
administrator=administrator@example.com sales=sales@example.com support=support@example.co.uk
The
child Properties
collection’s
value set inherits all property elements from the parent <props/>
,
and the child’s value for the support
value
overrides the value in the parent collection.
This
merging behavior applies similarly to the <list/>
, <map/>
,
and <set/>
collection
types. In the specific case of the <list/>
element,
the semantics associated with the List
collection
type, that is, the notion of an ordered
collection
of values, is maintained; the parent’s values precede all
of the child list’s values. In the case of the Map
, Set
,
and Properties
collection
types, no ordering exists. Hence no ordering semantics are
in effect for the collection types that underlie the
associated Map
, Set
,
and Properties
implementation
types that the container uses internally.
Limitations of collection merging
You
cannot merge different collection types (such as a Map
and
a List
),
and if you do attempt to do so an appropriate Exception
is
thrown. The merge
attribute
must be specified on the lower, inherited, child
definition; specifying the merge
attribute
on a parent collection definition is redundant and will
not result in the desired merging.
Strongly-typed collection
With
the introduction of generic types in Java 5, you can use
strongly typed collections. That is, it is possible to
declare a Collection
type
such that it can only contain String
elements
(for example). If you are using Spring to
dependency-inject a strongly-typed Collection
into
a bean, you can take advantage of Spring’s type-conversion
support such that the elements of your strongly-typed Collection
instances
are converted to the appropriate type prior to being added
to the Collection
.
public class Foo {
private Map<String, Float> accounts;
public void setAccounts(Map<String, Float> accounts) {
this.accounts = accounts;
}
}
<beans>
<bean id="foo" class="x.y.Foo">
<property name="accounts">
<map>
<entry key="one" value="9.99"/>
<entry key="two" value="2.75"/>
<entry key="six" value="3.99"/>
</map>
</property>
</bean>
</beans>
When
the accounts
property
of the foo
bean
is prepared for injection, the generics information about
the element type of the strongly-typed Map<String,
Float>
is available by
reflection. Thus Spring’s type conversion infrastructure
recognizes the various value elements as being of type Float
,
and the string values 9.99,
2.75
, and 3.99
are
converted into an actual Float
type.
Null and empty string values
Spring
treats empty arguments for properties and the like as empty Strings
.
The following XML-based configuration metadata snippet sets
the email property to the empty String
value
("").
<bean class="ExampleBean">
<property name="email" value=""/>
</bean>
The preceding example is equivalent to the following Java code:
exampleBean.setEmail("");
The <null/>
element
handles null
values.
For example:
<bean class="ExampleBean">
<property name="email">
<null/>
</property>
</bean>
The above configuration is equivalent to the following Java code:
exampleBean.setEmail(null);
XML shortcut with the p-namespace
The
p-namespace enables you to use the bean
element’s
attributes, instead of nested <property/>
elements,
to describe your property values and/or collaborating beans.
Spring
supports extensible configuration formats with
namespaces, which are based on an XML Schema
definition. The beans
configuration
format discussed in this chapter is defined in an XML Schema
document. However, the p-namespace is not defined in an XSD
file and exists only in the core of Spring.
The following example shows two XML snippets that resolve to the same result: The first uses standard XML format and the second uses the p-namespace.
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean name="classic" class="com.example.ExampleBean">
<property name="email" value="foo@bar.com"/>
</bean>
<bean name="p-namespace" class="com.example.ExampleBean"
p:email="foo@bar.com"/>
</beans>
The example shows an attribute in the p-namespace called email in the bean definition. This tells Spring to include a property declaration. As previously mentioned, the p-namespace does not have a schema definition, so you can set the name of the attribute to the property name.
This next example includes two more bean definitions that both have a reference to another bean:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean name="john-classic" class="com.example.Person">
<property name="name" value="John Doe"/>
<property name="spouse" ref="jane"/>
</bean>
<bean name="john-modern"
class="com.example.Person"
p:name="John Doe"
p:spouse-ref="jane"/>
<bean name="jane" class="com.example.Person">
<property name="name" value="Jane Doe"/>
</bean>
</beans>
As
you can see, this example includes not only a property value
using the p-namespace, but also uses a special format to
declare property references. Whereas the first bean
definition uses <property
name="spouse" ref="jane"/>
to
create a reference from bean john
to
bean jane
,
the second bean definition uses p:spouse-ref="jane"
as
an attribute to do the exact same thing. In this case spouse
is
the property name, whereas the -ref
part
indicates that this is not a straight value but rather a
reference to another bean.
The
p-namespace is not as flexible as the standard XML
format. For example, the format for declaring
property references clashes with properties that
end in |
XML shortcut with the c-namespace
Similar
to the XML
shortcut with the p-namespace, the c-namespace,
newly introduced in Spring 3.1, allows usage of inlined
attributes for configuring the constructor arguments rather
then nested constructor-arg
elements.
Let’s
review the examples from Constructor-based
dependency injection with the c:
namespace:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="bar" class="x.y.Bar"/>
<bean id="baz" class="x.y.Baz"/>
<!-- traditional declaration -->
<bean id="foo" class="x.y.Foo">
<constructor-arg ref="bar"/>
<constructor-arg ref="baz"/>
<constructor-arg value="foo@bar.com"/>
</bean>
<!-- c-namespace declaration -->
<bean id="foo" class="x.y.Foo" c:bar-ref="bar" c:baz-ref="baz" c:email="foo@bar.com"/>
</beans>
The c:
namespace
uses the same conventions as the p:
one
(trailing -ref
for
bean references) for setting the constructor arguments by
their names. And just as well, it needs to be declared even
though it is not defined in an XSD schema (but it exists
inside the Spring core).
For the rare cases where the constructor argument names are not available (usually if the bytecode was compiled without debugging information), one can use fallback to the argument indexes:
<!-- c-namespace index declaration -->
<bean id="foo" class="x.y.Foo" c:_0-ref="bar" c:_1-ref="baz"/>
Due
to the XML grammar, the index notation requires
the presence of the leading |
In practice, the constructor resolution mechanism is quite efficient in matching arguments so unless one really needs to, we recommend using the name notation through-out your configuration.
Compound property names
You
can use compound or nested property names when you set bean
properties, as long as all components of the path except the
final property name are not null
.
Consider the following bean definition.
<bean id="foo" class="foo.Bar">
<property name="fred.bob.sammy" value="123" />
</bean>
The foo
bean
has a fred
property,
which has a bob
property,
which has a sammy
property,
and that final sammy
property
is being set to the value 123
.
In order for this to work, the fred
property
of foo
,
and the bob
property
of fred
must
not benull
after
the bean is constructed, or a NullPointerException
is
thrown.
1.4.3. Using depends-on
If
a bean is a dependency of another that usually means that one
bean is set as a property of another. Typically you accomplish
this with the <ref/>
element in
XML-based configuration metadata. However, sometimes
dependencies between beans are less direct; for example, a
static initializer in a class needs to be triggered, such as
database driver registration. The depends-on
attribute
can explicitly force one or more beans to be initialized
before the bean using this element is initialized. The
following example uses the depends-on
attribute
to express a dependency on a single bean:
<bean id="beanOne" class="ExampleBean" depends-on="manager"/>
<bean id="manager" class="ManagerBean" />
To
express a dependency on multiple beans, supply a list of bean
names as the value of the depends-on
attribute,
with commas, whitespace and semicolons, used as valid
delimiters:
<bean id="beanOne" class="ExampleBean" depends-on="manager,accountDao">
<property name="manager" ref="manager" />
</bean>
<bean id="manager" class="ManagerBean" />
<bean id="accountDao" class="x.y.jdbc.JdbcAccountDao" />
The |
1.4.4. Lazy-initialized beans
By
default, ApplicationContext
implementations
eagerly create and configure all singleton beans
as part of the initialization process. Generally, this
pre-instantiation is desirable, because errors in the
configuration or surrounding environment are discovered
immediately, as opposed to hours or even days later. When this
behavior is not desirable,
you can prevent pre-instantiation of a singleton bean by
marking the bean definition as lazy-initialized. A
lazy-initialized bean tells the IoC container to create a bean
instance when it is first requested, rather than at startup.
In
XML, this behavior is controlled by the lazy-init
attribute
on the <bean/>
element;
for example:
<bean id="lazy" class="com.foo.ExpensiveToCreateBean" lazy-init="true"/>
<bean name="not.lazy" class="com.foo.AnotherBean"/>
When
the preceding configuration is consumed by an ApplicationContext
,
the bean named lazy
is
not eagerly pre-instantiated when the ApplicationContext
is
starting up, whereas the not.lazy
bean
is eagerly pre-instantiated.
However,
when a lazy-initialized bean is a dependency of a singleton
bean that is not lazy-initialized,
the ApplicationContext
creates
the lazy-initialized bean at startup, because it must satisfy
the singleton’s dependencies. The lazy-initialized bean is
injected into a singleton bean elsewhere that is not
lazy-initialized.
You
can also control lazy-initialization at the container level by
using the default-lazy-init
attribute
on the <beans/>
element;
for example:
<beans default-lazy-init="true">
<!-- no beans will be pre-instantiated... -->
</beans>
1.4.5. Autowiring collaborators
The
Spring container can autowire relationships
between collaborating beans. You can allow Spring to resolve
collaborators (other beans) automatically for your bean by
inspecting the contents of the ApplicationContext
.
Autowiring has the following advantages:
-
Autowiring can significantly reduce the need to specify properties or constructor arguments. (Other mechanisms such as a bean template discussed elsewhere in this chapter are also valuable in this regard.)
-
Autowiring can update a configuration as your objects evolve. For example, if you need to add a dependency to a class, that dependency can be satisfied automatically without you needing to modify the configuration. Thus autowiring can be especially useful during development, without negating the option of switching to explicit wiring when the code base becomes more stable.
When
using XML-based configuration metadata [2],
you specify autowire mode for a bean definition with the autowire
attribute
of the <bean/>
element.
The autowiring functionality has four modes. You specify
autowiring per bean
and thus can choose which ones to autowire.
Mode | Explanation |
---|---|
no |
(Default)
No autowiring. Bean references must be defined via a |
byName |
Autowiring
by property name. Spring looks for a bean with the same
name as the property that needs to be autowired. For
example, if a bean definition is set to autowire by
name, and it contains a master property
(that is, it has asetMaster(..) method),
Spring looks for a bean definition named |
byType |
Allows a property to be autowired if exactly one bean of the property type exists in the container. If more than one exists, a fatal exception is thrown, which indicates that you may not use byType autowiring for that bean. If there are no matching beans, nothing happens; the property is not set. |
constructor |
Analogous to byType, but applies to constructor arguments. If there is not exactly one bean of the constructor argument type in the container, a fatal error is raised. |
With byType or constructor autowiring
mode, you can wire arrays and typed-collections. In such cases all autowire
candidates within the container that match the expected type
are provided to satisfy the dependency. You can autowire
strongly-typed Maps if the expected key type is String
.
An autowired Maps values will consist of all bean instances
that match the expected type, and the Maps keys will contain
the corresponding bean names.
You can combine autowire behavior with dependency checking, which is performed after autowiring completes.
Limitations and disadvantages of autowiring
Autowiring works best when it is used consistently across a project. If autowiring is not used in general, it might be confusing to developers to use it to wire only one or two bean definitions.
Consider the limitations and disadvantages of autowiring:
-
Explicit dependencies in
property
andconstructor-arg
settings always override autowiring. You cannot autowire so-called simple properties such as primitives,Strings
, andClasses
(and arrays of such simple properties). This limitation is by-design. -
Autowiring is less exact than explicit wiring. Although, as noted in the above table, Spring is careful to avoid guessing in case of ambiguity that might have unexpected results, the relationships between your Spring-managed objects are no longer documented explicitly.
-
Wiring information may not be available to tools that may generate documentation from a Spring container.
-
Multiple bean definitions within the container may match the type specified by the setter method or constructor argument to be autowired. For arrays, collections, or Maps, this is not necessarily a problem. However for dependencies that expect a single value, this ambiguity is not arbitrarily resolved. If no unique bean definition is available, an exception is thrown.
In the latter scenario, you have several options:
-
Abandon autowiring in favor of explicit wiring.
-
Avoid autowiring for a bean definition by setting its
autowire-candidate
attributes tofalse
as described in the next section. -
Designate a single bean definition as the primary candidate by setting the
primary
attribute of its<bean/>
element totrue
. -
Implement the more fine-grained control available with annotation-based configuration, as described in Annotation-based container configuration.
Excluding a bean from autowiring
On
a per-bean basis, you can exclude a bean from autowiring. In
Spring’s XML format, set the autowire-candidate
attribute
of the <bean/>
element
to false
;
the container makes that specific bean definition
unavailable to the autowiring infrastructure (including
annotation style configurations such as @Autowired
).
The |
You
can also limit autowire candidates based on pattern-matching
against bean names. The top-level <beans/>
element
accepts one or more patterns within its default-autowire-candidates
attribute.
For example, to limit autowire candidate status to any bean
whose name ends with Repository, provide
a value of *Repository. To provide multiple patterns, define
them in a comma-separated list. An explicit value of true
or false
for
a bean definitions autowire-candidate
attribute
always takes precedence, and for such beans, the pattern
matching rules do not apply.
These techniques are useful for beans that you never want to be injected into other beans by autowiring. It does not mean that an excluded bean cannot itself be configured using autowiring. Rather, the bean itself is not a candidate for autowiring other beans.
1.4.6. Method injection
In most application scenarios, most beans in the container are singletons. When a singleton bean needs to collaborate with another singleton bean, or a non-singleton bean needs to collaborate with another non-singleton bean, you typically handle the dependency by defining one bean as a property of the other. A problem arises when the bean lifecycles are different. Suppose singleton bean A needs to use non-singleton (prototype) bean B, perhaps on each method invocation on A. The container only creates the singleton bean A once, and thus only gets one opportunity to set the properties. The container cannot provide bean A with a new instance of bean B every time one is needed.
A
solution is to forego some inversion of control. You can make
bean A aware of the container by
implementing the ApplicationContextAware
interface,
and by making
a getBean("B") call to the container ask
for (a typically new) bean B instance every time bean A needs
it. The following is an example of this approach:
// a class that uses a stateful Command-style class to perform some processing
package fiona.apple;
// Spring-API imports
import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware;
public class CommandManager implements ApplicationContextAware {
private ApplicationContext applicationContext;
public Object process(Map commandState) {
// grab a new instance of the appropriate Command
Command command = createCommand();
// set the state on the (hopefully brand new) Command instance
command.setState(commandState);
return command.execute();
}
protected Command createCommand() {
// notice the Spring API dependency!
return this.applicationContext.getBean("command", Command.class);
}
public void setApplicationContext(
ApplicationContext applicationContext) throws BeansException {
this.applicationContext = applicationContext;
}
}
The preceding is not desirable, because the business code is aware of and coupled to the Spring Framework. Method Injection, a somewhat advanced feature of the Spring IoC container, allows this use case to be handled in a clean fashion.
Lookup method injection
Lookup method injection is the ability of the container to override methods on container managed beans, to return the lookup result for another named bean in the container. The lookup typically involves a prototype bean as in the scenario described in the preceding section. The Spring Framework implements this method injection by using bytecode generation from the CGLIB library to generate dynamically a subclass that overrides the method.
|
Looking
at the CommandManager
class
in the previous code snippet, you see that the Spring
container will dynamically override the implementation of
the createCommand()
method.
Your CommandManager
class
will not have any Spring dependencies, as can be seen in the
reworked example:
package fiona.apple;
// no more Spring imports!
public abstract class CommandManager {
public Object process(Object commandState) {
// grab a new instance of the appropriate Command interface
Command command = createCommand();
// set the state on the (hopefully brand new) Command instance
command.setState(commandState);
return command.execute();
}
// okay... but where is the implementation of this method?
protected abstract Command createCommand();
}
In
the client class containing the method to be injected (the CommandManager
in
this case), the method to be injected requires a signature
of the following form:
<public|protected> [abstract] <return-type> theMethodName(no-arguments);
If
the method is abstract
,
the dynamically-generated subclass implements the method.
Otherwise, the dynamically-generated subclass overrides the
concrete method defined in the original class. For example:
<!-- a stateful bean deployed as a prototype (non-singleton) -->
<bean id="myCommand" class="fiona.apple.AsyncCommand" scope="prototype">
<!-- inject dependencies here as required -->
</bean>
<!-- commandProcessor uses statefulCommandHelper -->
<bean id="commandManager" class="fiona.apple.CommandManager">
<lookup-method name="createCommand" bean="myCommand"/>
</bean>
The
bean identified as commandManager calls
its own method createCommand()
whenever
it needs a new instance of the myCommand bean.
You must be careful to deploy the myCommand
bean
as a prototype, if that is actually what is needed. If it is
as a singleton,
the same instance of the myCommand
bean
is returned each time.
Alternatively,
within the annotation-based component model, you may declare
a lookup method through the @Lookup
annotation:
public abstract class CommandManager {
public Object process(Object commandState) {
Command command = createCommand();
command.setState(commandState);
return command.execute();
}
@Lookup("myCommand")
protected abstract Command createCommand();
}
Or, more idiomatically, you may rely on the target bean getting resolved against the declared return type of the lookup method:
public abstract class CommandManager {
public Object process(Object commandState) {
MyCommand command = createCommand();
command.setState(commandState);
return command.execute();
}
@Lookup
protected abstract MyCommand createCommand();
}
Note that you will typically declare such annotated lookup methods with a concrete stub implementation, in order for them to be compatible with Spring’s component scanning rules where abstract classes get ignored by default. This limitation does not apply in case of explicitly registered or explicitly imported bean classes.
Another
way of accessing differently scoped target beans
is an The
interested reader may also find the |
Arbitrary method replacement
A less useful form of method injection than lookup method injection is the ability to replace arbitrary methods in a managed bean with another method implementation. Users may safely skip the rest of this section until the functionality is actually needed.
With
XML-based configuration metadata, you can use the replaced-method
element
to replace an existing method implementation with another,
for a deployed bean. Consider the following class, with a
method computeValue, which we want to override:
public class MyValueCalculator {
public String computeValue(String input) {
// some real code...
}
// some other methods...
}
A
class implementing the org.springframework.beans.factory.support.MethodReplacer
interface
provides the new method definition.
/**
* meant to be used to override the existing computeValue(String)
* implementation in MyValueCalculator
*/
public class ReplacementComputeValue implements MethodReplacer {
public Object reimplement(Object o, Method m, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
// get the input value, work with it, and return a computed result
String input = (String) args[0];
...
return ...;
}
}
The bean definition to deploy the original class and specify the method override would look like this:
<bean id="myValueCalculator" class="x.y.z.MyValueCalculator">
<!-- arbitrary method replacement -->
<replaced-method name="computeValue" replacer="replacementComputeValue">
<arg-type>String</arg-type>
</replaced-method>
</bean>
<bean id="replacementComputeValue" class="a.b.c.ReplacementComputeValue"/>
You
can use one or more contained <arg-type/>
elements
within the <replaced-method/>
element
to indicate the method signature of the method being
overridden. The signature for the arguments is necessary
only if the method is overloaded and multiple variants exist
within the class. For convenience, the type string for an
argument may be a substring of the fully qualified type
name. For example, the following all match java.lang.String
:
java.lang.String
String
Str
Because the number of arguments is often enough to distinguish between each possible choice, this shortcut can save a lot of typing, by allowing you to type only the shortest string that will match an argument type.
1.5. Bean scopes
When you create a bean definition, you create a recipe for creating actual instances of the class defined by that bean definition. The idea that a bean definition is a recipe is important, because it means that, as with a class, you can create many object instances from a single recipe.
You
can control not only the various dependencies and configuration
values that are to be plugged into an object that is created
from a particular bean definition, but also the scope of
the objects created from a particular bean definition. This
approach is powerful and flexible in that you can choose the
scope of the objects you create through configuration instead of
having to bake in the scope of an object at the Java class
level. Beans can be defined to be deployed in one of a number of
scopes: out of the box, the Spring Framework supports six
scopes, four of which are available only if you use a web-aware ApplicationContext
.
The following scopes are supported out of the box. You can also create a custom scope.
Scope | Description |
---|---|
(Default) Scopes a single bean definition to a single object instance per Spring IoC container. |
|
Scopes a single bean definition to any number of object instances. |
|
Scopes
a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a single HTTP
request; that is, each HTTP request has its own instance
of a bean created off the back of a single bean
definition. Only valid in the context of a web-aware
Spring |
|
Scopes
a single bean definition to the lifecycle of an HTTP |
|
Scopes
a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a |
|
Scopes
a single bean definition to the lifecycle of a |
As
of Spring 3.0, a thread
scope is available, but is
not registered by default. For more information, see
the documentation for |
1.5.1. The singleton scope
Only one shared instance of a singleton bean is managed, and all requests for beans with an id or ids matching that bean definition result in that one specific bean instance being returned by the Spring container.
To put it another way, when you define a bean definition and it is scoped as a singleton, the Spring IoC container creates exactly one instance of the object defined by that bean definition. This single instance is stored in a cache of such singleton beans, and all subsequent requests and references for that named bean return the cached object.

Spring’s concept of a singleton bean differs from the Singleton pattern as defined in the Gang of Four (GoF) patterns book. The GoF Singleton hard-codes the scope of an object such that one and only one instance of a particular class is created per ClassLoader. The scope of the Spring singleton is best described as per container and per bean. This means that if you define one bean for a particular class in a single Spring container, then the Spring container creates one and only one instance of the class defined by that bean definition. The singleton scope is the default scope in Spring. To define a bean as a singleton in XML, you would write, for example:
<bean id="accountService" class="com.foo.DefaultAccountService"/>
<!-- the following is equivalent, though redundant (singleton scope is the default) -->
<bean id="accountService" class="com.foo.DefaultAccountService" scope="singleton"/>
1.5.2. The prototype scope
The
non-singleton, prototype scope of bean deployment results in
the creation
of a new bean instance every time a
request for that specific bean is made. That is, the bean is
injected into another bean or you request it through a getBean()
method
call on the container. As a rule, use the prototype scope for
all stateful beans and the singleton scope for stateless
beans.
The following diagram illustrates the Spring prototype scope. A data access object (DAO) is not typically configured as a prototype, because a typical DAO does not hold any conversational state; it was just easier for this author to reuse the core of the singleton diagram.

The following example defines a bean as a prototype in XML:
<bean id="accountService" class="com.foo.DefaultAccountService" scope="prototype"/>
In contrast to the other scopes, Spring does not manage the complete lifecycle of a prototype bean: the container instantiates, configures, and otherwise assembles a prototype object, and hands it to the client, with no further record of that prototype instance. Thus, although initialization lifecycle callback methods are called on all objects regardless of scope, in the case of prototypes, configured destruction lifecycle callbacks are not called. The client code must clean up prototype-scoped objects and release expensive resources that the prototype bean(s) are holding. To get the Spring container to release resources held by prototype-scoped beans, try using a custom bean post-processor, which holds a reference to beans that need to be cleaned up.
In
some respects, the Spring container’s role in regard to a
prototype-scoped bean is a replacement for the Java new
operator.
All lifecycle management past that point must be handled by
the client. (For details on the lifecycle of a bean in the
Spring container, see Lifecycle
callbacks.)
1.5.3. Singleton beans with prototype-bean dependencies
When you use singleton-scoped beans with dependencies on prototype beans, be aware that dependencies are resolved at instantiation time. Thus if you dependency-inject a prototype-scoped bean into a singleton-scoped bean, a new prototype bean is instantiated and then dependency-injected into the singleton bean. The prototype instance is the sole instance that is ever supplied to the singleton-scoped bean.
However, suppose you want the singleton-scoped bean to acquire a new instance of the prototype-scoped bean repeatedly at runtime. You cannot dependency-inject a prototype-scoped bean into your singleton bean, because that injection occurs onlyonce, when the Spring container is instantiating the singleton bean and resolving and injecting its dependencies. If you need a new instance of a prototype bean at runtime more than once, see Method injection
1.5.4. Request, session, application, and WebSocket scopes
The request
, session
, application
,
and websocket
scopes
are only available
if you use a web-aware Spring ApplicationContext
implementation
(such as XmlWebApplicationContext
).
If you use these scopes with regular Spring IoC containers
such as the ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
,
an IllegalStateException
will
be thrown complaining about an unknown bean scope.
Initial web configuration
To
support the scoping of beans at the request
, session
, application
,
and websocket
levels
(web-scoped beans), some minor initial configuration is
required before you define your beans. (This initial setup
is not required
for the standard scopes, singleton
and prototype
.)
How you accomplish this initial setup depends on your particular Servlet environment.
If
you access scoped beans within Spring Web MVC, in effect,
within a request that is processed by the Spring DispatcherServlet
,
then no special setup is necessary: DispatcherServlet
already
exposes all relevant state.
If
you use a Servlet 2.5 web container, with requests processed
outside of Spring’s DispatcherServlet
(for
example, when using JSF or Struts), you need to register the org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener
ServletRequestListener
.
For Servlet 3.0+, this can be done programmatically via the WebApplicationInitializer
interface.
Alternatively, or for older containers, add the following
declaration to your web application’s web.xml
file:
<web-app>
...
<listener>
<listener-class>
org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener
</listener-class>
</listener>
...
</web-app>
Alternatively,
if there are issues with your listener setup, consider using
Spring’s RequestContextFilter
.
The filter mapping depends on the surrounding web
application configuration, so you have to change it as
appropriate.
<web-app>
...
<filter>
<filter-name>requestContextFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.RequestContextFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>requestContextFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
...
</web-app>
DispatcherServlet
, RequestContextListener
,
and RequestContextFilter
all
do exactly the same thing, namely bind the HTTP request
object to the Thread
that
is servicing that request. This makes beans that are
request- and session-scoped available further down the call
chain.
Request scope
Consider the following XML configuration for a bean definition:
<bean id="loginAction" class="com.foo.LoginAction" scope="request"/>
The
Spring container creates a new instance of the LoginAction
bean
by using the loginAction
bean
definition for each and every HTTP request. That is, the loginAction
bean
is scoped at the HTTP request level. You can change the
internal state of the instance that is created as much as
you want, because other instances created from the same loginAction
bean
definition will not see these changes in state; they are
particular to an individual request. When the request
completes processing, the bean that is scoped to the request
is discarded.
When
using annotation-driven components or Java Config, the @RequestScope
annotation
can be used to assign a component to the request
scope.
@RequestScope
@Component
public class LoginAction {
// ...
}
Session scope
Consider the following XML configuration for a bean definition:
<bean id="userPreferences" class="com.foo.UserPreferences" scope="session"/>
The
Spring container creates a new instance of the UserPreferences
bean
by using the userPreferences
bean
definition for the lifetime of a single HTTP Session
.
In other words, the userPreferences
bean
is effectively scoped at the HTTP Session
level.
As with request-scoped
beans,
you can change the internal state of the instance that is
created as much as you want, knowing that other HTTP Session
instances
that are also using instances created from the same userPreferences
bean
definition do not see these changes in state, because they
are particular to an individual HTTP Session
.
When the HTTP Session
is
eventually discarded, the bean that is scoped to that
particular HTTP Session
is
also discarded.
When
using annotation-driven components or Java Config, the @SessionScope
annotation
can be used to assign a component to the session
scope.
@SessionScope
@Component
public class UserPreferences {
// ...
}
Application scope
Consider the following XML configuration for a bean definition:
<bean id="appPreferences" class="com.foo.AppPreferences" scope="application"/>
The
Spring container creates a new instance of the AppPreferences
bean
by using the appPreferences
bean
definition once for the entire web application. That is, the appPreferences
bean
is scoped at the ServletContext
level,
stored as a regularServletContext
attribute.
This is somewhat similar to a Spring singleton bean but
differs in two important ways: It is a singleton per ServletContext
,
not per Spring 'ApplicationContext' (for which there may be
several in any given web application), and it is actually
exposed and therefore visible as a ServletContext
attribute.
When
using annotation-driven components or Java Config, the @ApplicationScope
annotation
can be used to assign a component to the application
scope.
@ApplicationScope
@Component
public class AppPreferences {
// ...
}
Scoped beans as dependencies
The Spring IoC container manages not only the instantiation of your objects (beans), but also the wiring up of collaborators (or dependencies). If you want to inject (for example) an HTTP request scoped bean into another bean of a longer-lived scope, you may choose to inject an AOP proxy in place of the scoped bean. That is, you need to inject a proxy object that exposes the same public interface as the scoped object but that can also retrieve the real target object from the relevant scope (such as an HTTP request) and delegate method calls onto the real object.
You
may also use When
declaring Also,
scoped proxies are not the only way to access
beans from shorter scopes in a lifecycle-safe
fashion. You may also simply declare your
injection point (i.e. the constructor/setter
argument or autowired field) as As
an extended variant, you may declare The
JSR-330 variant of this is called |
The configuration in the following example is only one line, but it is important to understand the "why" as well as the "how" behind it.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd">
<!-- an HTTP Session-scoped bean exposed as a proxy -->
<bean id="userPreferences" class="com.foo.UserPreferences" scope="session">
<!-- instructs the container to proxy the surrounding bean -->
<aop:scoped-proxy/>
</bean>
<!-- a singleton-scoped bean injected with a proxy to the above bean -->
<bean id="userService" class="com.foo.SimpleUserService">
<!-- a reference to the proxied userPreferences bean -->
<property name="userPreferences" ref="userPreferences"/>
</bean>
</beans>
To
create such a proxy, you insert a child <aop:scoped-proxy/>
element
into a scoped bean definition (see Choosing
the type of proxy to create and XML
Schema-based configuration). Why do definitions of
beans scoped at the request
, session
and
custom-scope levels require the <aop:scoped-proxy/>
element?
Let’s examine the following singleton bean definition and
contrast it with what you need to define for the
aforementioned scopes (note that the following userPreferences
bean
definition as it stands is incomplete).
<bean id="userPreferences" class="com.foo.UserPreferences" scope="session"/>
<bean id="userManager" class="com.foo.UserManager">
<property name="userPreferences" ref="userPreferences"/>
</bean>
In
the preceding example, the singleton bean userManager
is
injected with a reference to the HTTP Session
-scoped
bean userPreferences
.
The salient point here is that the userManager
bean
is a singleton: it will be instantiated exactly
once per container, and its
dependencies (in this case only one, the userPreferences
bean)
are also injected only once. This means that the userManager
bean
will only operate on the exact same userPreferences
object,
that is, the one that it was originally injected with.
This
is not the
behavior you want when injecting a shorter-lived scoped bean
into a longer-lived scoped bean, for example injecting an
HTTP Session
-scoped
collaborating bean as a dependency into singleton bean.
Rather, you need a single userManager
object,
and for the lifetime of an HTTP Session
,
you need a userPreferences
object
that is specific to said HTTP Session
.
Thus the container creates an object that exposes the exact
same public interface as the UserPreferences
class
(ideally an object that is
a UserPreferences
instance)
which can fetch the real UserPreferences
object
from the scoping mechanism (HTTP request, Session
,
etc.). The container injects this proxy object into the userManager
bean,
which is unaware that this UserPreferences
reference
is a proxy. In this example, when a UserManager
instance
invokes a method on the dependency-injected UserPreferences
object,
it actually is invoking a method on the proxy. The proxy
then fetches the real UserPreferences
object
from (in this case) the HTTP Session
,
and delegates the method invocation onto the retrieved real UserPreferences
object.
Thus
you need the following, correct and complete, configuration
when injecting request-
and session-scoped
beans
into collaborating objects:
<bean id="userPreferences" class="com.foo.UserPreferences" scope="session">
<aop:scoped-proxy/>
</bean>
<bean id="userManager" class="com.foo.UserManager">
<property name="userPreferences" ref="userPreferences"/>
</bean>
Choosing the type of proxy to create
By
default, when the Spring container creates a proxy for a
bean that is marked up with the <aop:scoped-proxy/>
element, a
CGLIB-based class proxy is created.
CGLIB proxies only intercept public method calls! Do not call non-public methods on such a proxy; they will not be delegated to the actual scoped target object. |
Alternatively,
you can configure the Spring container to create standard
JDK interface-based proxies for such scoped beans, by
specifying false
for
the value of the proxy-target-class
attribute
of the <aop:scoped-proxy/>
element.
Using JDK interface-based proxies means that you do not
need additional libraries in your application classpath to
effect such proxying. However, it also means that the
class of the scoped bean must implement at least one
interface, and that
all collaborators into which the
scoped bean is injected must reference the bean through
one of its interfaces.
<!-- DefaultUserPreferences implements the UserPreferences interface -->
<bean id="userPreferences" class="com.foo.DefaultUserPreferences" scope="session">
<aop:scoped-proxy proxy-target-class="false"/>
</bean>
<bean id="userManager" class="com.foo.UserManager">
<property name="userPreferences" ref="userPreferences"/>
</bean>
For more detailed information about choosing class-based or interface-based proxying, see Proxying mechanisms.
1.5.5. Custom scopes
The
bean scoping mechanism is extensible; You can define your own
scopes, or even redefine existing scopes, although the latter
is considered bad practice and you cannot override
the built-in singleton
and prototype
scopes.
Creating a custom scope
To
integrate your custom scope(s) into the Spring container,
you need to implement theorg.springframework.beans.factory.config.Scope
interface,
which is described in this section. For an idea of how to
implement your own scopes, see the Scope
implementations
that are supplied with the Spring Framework itself and the Scope
javadocs,
which explains the methods you need to implement in more
detail.
The Scope
interface
has four methods to get objects from the scope, remove them
from the scope, and allow them to be destroyed.
The following method returns the object from the underlying scope. The session scope implementation, for example, returns the session-scoped bean (and if it does not exist, the method returns a new instance of the bean, after having bound it to the session for future reference).
Object get(String name, ObjectFactory objectFactory)
The following method removes the object from the underlying scope. The session scope implementation for example, removes the session-scoped bean from the underlying session. The object should be returned, but you can return null if the object with the specified name is not found.
Object remove(String name)
The following method registers the callbacks the scope should execute when it is destroyed or when the specified object in the scope is destroyed. Refer to the javadocs or a Spring scope implementation for more information on destruction callbacks.
void registerDestructionCallback(String name, Runnable destructionCallback)
The following method obtains the conversation identifier for the underlying scope. This identifier is different for each scope. For a session scoped implementation, this identifier can be the session identifier.
String getConversationId()
Using a custom scope
After
you write and test one or more custom Scope
implementations,
you need to make the Spring container aware of your new
scope(s). The following method is the central method to
register a new Scope
with
the Spring container:
void registerScope(String scopeName, Scope scope);
This
method is declared on the ConfigurableBeanFactory
interface,
which is available on most of the concrete ApplicationContext
implementations
that ship with Spring via the BeanFactory property.
The
first argument to the registerScope(..)
method
is the unique name associated with a scope; examples of such
names in the Spring container itself are singleton
and prototype
.
The second argument to the registerScope(..)
method
is an actual instance of the custom Scope
implementation
that you wish to register and use.
Suppose
that you write your custom Scope
implementation,
and then register it as below.
The
example below uses |
Scope threadScope = new SimpleThreadScope();
beanFactory.registerScope("thread", threadScope);
You
then create bean definitions that adhere to the scoping
rules of your custom Scope
:
<bean id="..." class="..." scope="thread">
With
a custom Scope
implementation,
you are not limited to programmatic registration of the
scope. You can also do the Scope
registration
declaratively, using the CustomScopeConfigurer
class:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd">
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.CustomScopeConfigurer">
<property name="scopes">
<map>
<entry key="thread">
<bean class="org.springframework.context.support.SimpleThreadScope"/>
</entry>
</map>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="bar" class="x.y.Bar" scope="thread">
<property name="name" value="Rick"/>
<aop:scoped-proxy/>
</bean>
<bean id="foo" class="x.y.Foo">
<property name="bar" ref="bar"/>
</bean>
</beans>
When
you place |
1.6. Customizing the nature of a bean
1.6.1. Lifecycle callbacks
To
interact with the container’s management of the bean
lifecycle, you can implement the Spring InitializingBean
and DisposableBean
interfaces.
The container calls afterPropertiesSet()
for
the former and destroy()
for
the latter to allow the bean to perform certain actions upon
initialization and destruction of your beans.
The
JSR-250 If you don’t want to use the JSR-250 annotations but you are still looking to remove coupling consider the use of init-method and destroy-method object definition metadata. |
Internally,
the Spring Framework uses BeanPostProcessor
implementations
to process any callback interfaces it can find and call the
appropriate methods. If you need custom features or other
lifecycle behavior Spring does not offer out-of-the-box, you
can implement a BeanPostProcessor
yourself.
For more information, see Container
Extension Points.
In
addition to the initialization and destruction callbacks,
Spring-managed objects may also implement the Lifecycle
interface
so that those objects can participate in the startup and
shutdown process as driven by the container’s own lifecycle.
The lifecycle callback interfaces are described in this section.
Initialization callbacks
The org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean
interface
allows a bean to perform initialization work after all
necessary properties on the bean have been set by the
container. The InitializingBean
interface
specifies a single method:
void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception;
It
is recommended that you do not use the InitializingBean
interface
because it unnecessarily couples the code to Spring.
Alternatively, use the @PostConstruct
annotation
or specify a POJO initialization method. In the case of
XML-based configuration metadata, you use the init-method
attribute
to specify the name of the method that has a void
no-argument signature. With Java config, you use the initMethod
attribute
of @Bean
,
see Receiving
lifecycle callbacks. For example, the following:
<bean id="exampleInitBean" class="examples.ExampleBean" init-method="init"/>
public class ExampleBean {
public void init() {
// do some initialization work
}
}
… is exactly the same as…
<bean id="exampleInitBean" class="examples.AnotherExampleBean"/>
public class AnotherExampleBean implements InitializingBean {
public void afterPropertiesSet() {
// do some initialization work
}
}
but does not couple the code to Spring.
Destruction callbacks
Implementing
the org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean
interface
allows a bean to get a callback when the container
containing it is destroyed. The DisposableBean
interface
specifies a single method:
void destroy() throws Exception;
It
is recommended that you do not use the DisposableBean
callback
interface because it unnecessarily couples the code to
Spring. Alternatively, use the @PreDestroy
annotation
or specify a generic method that is supported by bean
definitions. With XML-based configuration metadata, you use
the destroy-method
attribute
on the <bean/>
.
With Java config, you use the destroyMethod
attribute
of @Bean
,
see Receiving
lifecycle callbacks. For example, the following
definition:
<bean id="exampleInitBean" class="examples.ExampleBean" destroy-method="cleanup"/>
public class ExampleBean {
public void cleanup() {
// do some destruction work (like releasing pooled connections)
}
}
is exactly the same as:
<bean id="exampleInitBean" class="examples.AnotherExampleBean"/>
public class AnotherExampleBean implements DisposableBean {
public void destroy() {
// do some destruction work (like releasing pooled connections)
}
}
but does not couple the code to Spring.
The |
Default initialization and destroy methods
When
you write initialization and destroy method callbacks that
do not use the Spring-specific InitializingBean
and DisposableBean
callback
interfaces, you typically write methods with names such as init()
, initialize()
, dispose()
,
and so on. Ideally, the names of such lifecycle callback
methods are standardized across a project so that all
developers use the same method names and ensure consistency.
You
can configure the Spring container to look
for
named initialization and destroy callback method names on every bean.
This means that you, as an application developer, can write
your application classes and use an initialization callback
called init()
,
without having to configure an init-method="init"
attribute
with each bean definition. The Spring IoC container calls
that method when the bean is created (and in accordance with
the standard lifecycle callback contract described
previously). This feature also enforces a consistent naming
convention for initialization and destroy method callbacks.
Suppose
that your initialization callback methods are named init()
and
destroy callback methods are named destroy()
.
Your class will resemble the class in the following example.
public class DefaultBlogService implements BlogService {
private BlogDao blogDao;
public void setBlogDao(BlogDao blogDao) {
this.blogDao = blogDao;
}
// this is (unsurprisingly) the initialization callback method
public void init() {
if (this.blogDao == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The [blogDao] property must be set.");
}
}
}
<beans default-init-method="init">
<bean id="blogService" class="com.foo.DefaultBlogService">
<property name="blogDao" ref="blogDao" />
</bean>
</beans>
The
presence of the default-init-method
attribute
on the top-level <beans/>
element
attribute causes the Spring IoC container to recognize a
method called init
on
beans as the initialization method callback. When a bean is
created and assembled, if the bean class has such a method,
it is invoked at the appropriate time.
You
configure destroy method callbacks similarly (in XML, that
is) by using the default-destroy-method
attribute
on the top-level <beans/>
element.
Where
existing bean classes already have callback methods that are
named at variance with the convention, you can override the
default by specifying (in XML, that is) the method name
using the init-method
and destroy-method
attributes
of the <bean/>
itself.
The Spring container guarantees that a configured initialization callback is called immediately after a bean is supplied with all dependencies. Thus the initialization callback is called on the raw bean reference, which means that AOP interceptors and so forth are not yet applied to the bean. A target bean is fully created first, then an AOP proxy (for example) with its interceptor chain is applied. If the target bean and the proxy are defined separately, your code can even interact with the raw target bean, bypassing the proxy. Hence, it would be inconsistent to apply the interceptors to the init method, because doing so would couple the lifecycle of the target bean with its proxy/interceptors and leave strange semantics when your code interacts directly to the raw target bean.
Combining lifecycle mechanisms
As
of Spring 2.5, you have three options for controlling bean
lifecycle behavior: the InitializingBean
and DisposableBean
callback
interfaces; custom init()
and destroy()
methods;
and the @PostConstruct
and @PreDestroy
annotations.
You can combine these mechanisms to control a given bean.
If
multiple lifecycle mechanisms are configured for a
bean, and each mechanism is configured with a
different method name, then each configured method
is executed in the order listed below. However, if
the same method name is configured - for example, |
Multiple lifecycle mechanisms configured for the same bean, with different initialization methods, are called as follows:
-
Methods annotated with
@PostConstruct
-
afterPropertiesSet()
as defined by theInitializingBean
callback interface -
A custom configured
init()
method
Destroy methods are called in the same order:
-
Methods annotated with
@PreDestroy
-
destroy()
as defined by theDisposableBean
callback interface -
A custom configured
destroy()
method
Startup and shutdown callbacks
The Lifecycle
interface
defines the essential methods for any object that has its
own lifecycle requirements (e.g. starts and stops some
background process):
public interface Lifecycle {
void start();
void stop();
boolean isRunning();
}
Any
Spring-managed object may implement that interface. Then,
when the ApplicationContext
itself
receives start and stop signals, e.g. for a stop/restart
scenario at runtime, it will cascade those calls to all Lifecycle
implementations
defined within that context. It does this by delegating to a LifecycleProcessor
:
public interface LifecycleProcessor extends Lifecycle {
void onRefresh();
void onClose();
}
Notice
that the LifecycleProcessor
is
itself an extension of the Lifecycle
interface.
It also adds two other methods for reacting to the context
being refreshed and closed.
Note
that the regular |
The
order of startup and shutdown invocations can be important.
If a "depends-on" relationship exists between any two
objects, the dependent side will start after its
dependency, and it will stop before its
dependency. However, at times the direct dependencies are
unknown. You may only know that objects of a certain type
should start prior to objects of another type. In those
cases, the SmartLifecycle
interface
defines another option, namely the getPhase()
method
as defined on its super-interface, Phased
.
public interface Phased {
int getPhase();
}
public interface SmartLifecycle extends Lifecycle, Phased {
boolean isAutoStartup();
void stop(Runnable callback);
}
When
starting, the objects with the lowest phase start first, and
when stopping, the reverse order is followed. Therefore, an
object that implements SmartLifecycle
and
whose getPhase()
method
returns Integer.MIN_VALUE
would
be among the first to start and the last to stop. At the
other end of the spectrum, a phase value of Integer.MAX_VALUE
would
indicate that the object should be started last and stopped
first (likely because it depends on other processes to be
running). When considering the phase value, it’s also
important to know that the default phase for any "normal" Lifecycle
object
that does not implement SmartLifecycle
would
be 0. Therefore, any negative phase value would indicate
that an object should start before those standard components
(and stop after them), and vice versa for any positive phase
value.
As
you can see the stop method defined by SmartLifecycle
accepts
a callback. Any implementation must invoke
that callback’s run()
method
after that implementation’s shutdown process is complete.
That enables asynchronous shutdown where necessary since the
default implementation of the LifecycleProcessor
interface, DefaultLifecycleProcessor
,
will wait up to its timeout value for the group of objects
within each phase to invoke that callback. The default
per-phase timeout is 30 seconds. You can override the
default lifecycle processor instance by defining a bean
named "lifecycleProcessor" within the context. If you only
want to modify the timeout, then defining the following
would be sufficient:
<bean id="lifecycleProcessor" class="org.springframework.context.support.DefaultLifecycleProcessor">
<!-- timeout value in milliseconds -->
<property name="timeoutPerShutdownPhase" value="10000"/>
</bean>
As
mentioned, the LifecycleProcessor
interface
defines callback methods for the refreshing and closing of
the context as well. The latter will simply drive the
shutdown process as if stop()
had
been called explicitly, but it will happen when the context
is closing. The 'refresh' callback on the other hand enables
another feature of SmartLifecycle
beans.
When the context is refreshed (after all objects have been
instantiated and initialized), that callback will be
invoked, and at that point the default lifecycle processor
will check the boolean value returned by each SmartLifecycle
object’s isAutoStartup()
method.
If "true", then that object will be started at that point
rather than waiting for an explicit invocation of the
context’s or its own start()
method
(unlike the context refresh, the context start does not
happen automatically for a standard context implementation).
The "phase" value as well as any "depends-on" relationships
will determine the startup order in the same way as
described above.
Shutting down the Spring IoC container gracefully in non-web applications
This
section applies only to non-web applications.
Spring’s web-based |
If you are using Spring’s IoC container in a non-web application environment; for example, in a rich client desktop environment; you register a shutdown hook with the JVM. Doing so ensures a graceful shutdown and calls the relevant destroy methods on your singleton beans so that all resources are released. Of course, you must still configure and implement these destroy callbacks correctly.
To
register a shutdown hook, you call the registerShutdownHook()
method
that is declared on the ConfigurableApplicationContext
interface:
import org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public final class Boot {
public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
ConfigurableApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
// add a shutdown hook for the above context...
ctx.registerShutdownHook();
// app runs here...
// main method exits, hook is called prior to the app shutting down...
}
}
1.6.2. ApplicationContextAware and BeanNameAware
When
an ApplicationContext
creates
an object instance that implements theorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware
interface,
the instance is provided with a reference to that ApplicationContext
.
public interface ApplicationContextAware {
void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext) throws BeansException;
}
Thus
beans can manipulate programmatically the ApplicationContext
that
created them, through the ApplicationContext
interface,
or by casting the reference to a known subclass of this
interface, such as ConfigurableApplicationContext
,
which exposes additional functionality. One use would be the
programmatic retrieval of other beans. Sometimes this
capability is useful; however, in general you should avoid it,
because it couples the code to Spring and does not follow the
Inversion of Control style, where collaborators are provided
to beans as properties. Other methods of the ApplicationContext
provide
access to file resources, publishing application events, and
accessing a MessageSource
.
These additional features are described in Additional
capabilities of the ApplicationContext
As
of Spring 2.5, autowiring is another alternative to obtain
reference to the ApplicationContext
.
The "traditional" constructor
and byType
autowiring
modes (as described in Autowiring
collaborators) can provide a dependency of typeApplicationContext
for
a constructor argument or setter method parameter,
respectively. For more flexibility, including the ability to
autowire fields and multiple parameter methods, use the new
annotation-based autowiring features. If you do, the ApplicationContext
is
autowired into a field, constructor argument, or method
parameter that is expecting the ApplicationContext
type
if the field, constructor, or method in question carries the @Autowired
annotation.
For more information, see @Autowired.
When
an ApplicationContext
creates
a class that implements the org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanNameAware
interface,
the class is provided with a reference to the name defined in
its associated object definition.
public interface BeanNameAware {
void setBeanName(String name) throws BeansException;
}
The
callback is invoked after population of normal bean properties
but before an initialization callback such as InitializingBean
afterPropertiesSet or
a custom init-method.
1.6.3. Other Aware interfaces
Besides ApplicationContextAware
and BeanNameAware
discussed
above, Spring offers a range of Aware
interfaces
that allow beans to indicate to the container that they
require a certain infrastructure dependency.
The most important Aware
interfaces
are summarized below - as a general rule, the name is a good
indication of the dependency type:
Name | Injected Dependency | Explained in… |
---|---|---|
|
Declaring |
|
|
Event
publisher of the enclosing |
|
|
Class loader used to load the bean classes. |
|
|
Declaring |
|
|
Name of the declaring bean |
|
|
Resource
adapter |
|
|
Defined weaver for processing class definition at load time |
|
|
Configured strategy for resolving messages (with support for parametrization and internationalization) |
|
|
Spring JMX notification publisher |
|
|
Configured loader for low-level access to resources |
|
|
Current |
|
|
Current |
Note again that usage of these interfaces ties your code to the Spring API and does not follow the Inversion of Control style. As such, they are recommended for infrastructure beans that require programmatic access to the container.
1.7. Bean definition inheritance
A bean definition can contain a lot of configuration information, including constructor arguments, property values, and container-specific information such as initialization method, static factory method name, and so on. A child bean definition inherits configuration data from a parent definition. The child definition can override some values, or add others, as needed. Using parent and child bean definitions can save a lot of typing. Effectively, this is a form of templating.
If
you work with an ApplicationContext
interface
programmatically, child bean definitions are represented by the ChildBeanDefinition
class.
Most users do not work with them on this level, instead
configuring bean definitions declaratively in something like the ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
.
When you use XML-based configuration metadata, you indicate a
child bean definition by using the parent
attribute,
specifying the parent bean as the value of this attribute.
<bean id="inheritedTestBean" abstract="true"
class="org.springframework.beans.TestBean">
<property name="name" value="parent"/>
<property name="age" value="1"/>
</bean>
<bean id="inheritsWithDifferentClass"
class="org.springframework.beans.DerivedTestBean"
parent="inheritedTestBean" init-method="initialize">
<property name="name" value="override"/>
<!-- the age property value of 1 will be inherited from parent -->
</bean>
A child bean definition uses the bean class from the parent definition if none is specified, but can also override it. In the latter case, the child bean class must be compatible with the parent, that is, it must accept the parent’s property values.
A
child bean definition inherits scope, constructor argument
values, property values, and method overrides from the parent,
with the option to add new values. Any scope, initialization
method, destroy method, and/or static
factory
method settings that you specify will override the corresponding
parent settings.
The remaining settings are always taken from the child definition: depends on, autowire mode, dependency check, singleton, lazy init.
The
preceding example explicitly marks the parent bean definition as
abstract by using the abstract
attribute.
If the parent definition does not specify a class, explicitly
marking the parent bean definition as abstract
is
required, as follows:
<bean id="inheritedTestBeanWithoutClass" abstract="true">
<property name="name" value="parent"/>
<property name="age" value="1"/>
</bean>
<bean id="inheritsWithClass" class="org.springframework.beans.DerivedTestBean"
parent="inheritedTestBeanWithoutClass" init-method="initialize">
<property name="name" value="override"/>
<!-- age will inherit the value of 1 from the parent bean definition-->
</bean>
The
parent bean cannot be instantiated on its own because it is
incomplete, and it is also explicitly marked as abstract
.
When a definition is abstract
like
this, it is usable only as a pure template bean definition that
serves as a parent definition for child definitions. Trying to
use such an abstract
parent
bean on its own, by referring to it as a ref property of another
bean or doing an explicit getBean()
call
with the parent bean id, returns an error. Similarly, the
container’s internalpreInstantiateSingletons()
method
ignores bean definitions that are defined as abstract.
|
1.8. Container Extension Points
Typically,
an application developer does not need to subclass ApplicationContext
implementation
classes. Instead, the Spring IoC container can be extended by
plugging in implementations of special integration interfaces.
The next few sections describe these integration interfaces.
1.8.1. Customizing beans using a BeanPostProcessor
The BeanPostProcessor
interface
defines callback
methods that you can implement to
provide your own (or override the container’s default)
instantiation logic, dependency-resolution logic, and so
forth. If you want to implement some custom logic after the
Spring container finishes instantiating, configuring, and
initializing a bean, you can plug in one or more BeanPostProcessor
implementations.
You
can configure multiple BeanPostProcessor
instances,
and you can control the order in which these BeanPostProcessor
s
execute by setting the order
property.
You can set this property only if the BeanPostProcessor
implements
the Ordered
interface;
if you write your own BeanPostProcessor
you
should consider implementing the Ordered
interface
too. For further details, consult the javadocs of the BeanPostProcessor
and Ordered
interfaces.
See also the note below on programmatic
registration of BeanPostProcessor
s.
To
change the actual bean definition (i.e., the blueprint that
defines the bean), you instead need to use a |
The org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor
interface
consists of exactly two callback methods. When such a class is
registered as a post-processor with the container, for each
bean instance that is created by the container, the
post-processor gets a callback from the container both before container
initialization methods (such as InitializingBean’s afterPropertiesSet() and
any declared init method) are called as well as after any
bean initialization callbacks. The post-processor can take any
action with the bean instance, including ignoring the callback
completely. A bean post-processor typically checks for
callback interfaces or may wrap a bean with a proxy. Some
Spring AOP infrastructure classes are implemented as bean
post-processors in order to provide proxy-wrapping logic.
An ApplicationContext
automatically
detects any beans that are defined in
the configuration metadata which implement the BeanPostProcessor
interface.
The ApplicationContext
registers
these beans as post-processors so that they can be called
later upon bean creation. Bean post-processors can be deployed
in the container just like any other beans.
Note
that when declaring a BeanPostProcessor
using
an @Bean
factory
method on a configuration class, the return type of the
factory method should be the implementation class itself or at
least the org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor
interface,
clearly indicating the post-processor nature of that bean.
Otherwise, the ApplicationContext
won’t
be able to autodetect it by type before fully creating it.
Since a BeanPostProcessor
needs
to be instantiated early in order to apply to the
initialization of other beans in the context, this early type
detection is critical.
Programmatically
registering BeanPostProcessors
While
the recommended approach for |
BeanPostProcessors
and AOP auto-proxying
Classes
that implement the For any such bean, you should see an informational log message: "Bean foo is not eligible for getting processed by all BeanPostProcessor interfaces (for example: not eligible for auto-proxying)". Note
that if you have beans wired into your |
The
following examples show how to write, register, and use BeanPostProcessor
s
in an ApplicationContext
.
Example: Hello World, BeanPostProcessor-style
This
first example illustrates basic usage. The example shows a
custom BeanPostProcessor
implementation
that invokes the toString()
method
of each bean as it is created by the container and prints
the resulting string to the system console.
Find
below the custom BeanPostProcessor
implementation
class definition:
package scripting;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;
public class InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor {
// simply return the instantiated bean as-is
public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) {
return bean; // we could potentially return any object reference here...
}
public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) {
System.out.println("Bean '" + beanName + "' created : " + bean.toString());
return bean;
}
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:lang="http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang
http://www.springframework.org/schema/lang/spring-lang.xsd">
<lang:groovy id="messenger"
script-source="classpath:org/springframework/scripting/groovy/Messenger.groovy">
<lang:property name="message" value="Fiona Apple Is Just So Dreamy."/>
</lang:groovy>
<!--
when the above bean (messenger) is instantiated, this custom
BeanPostProcessor implementation will output the fact to the system console
-->
<bean class="scripting.InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor"/>
</beans>
Notice
how the InstantiationTracingBeanPostProcessor
is
simply defined. It does not even have a name, and because it
is a bean it can be dependency-injected just like any other
bean. (The preceding configuration also defines a bean that
is backed by a Groovy script. The Spring dynamic language
support is detailed in the chapter entitled Dynamic
language support.)
The following simple Java application executes the preceding code and configuration:
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.scripting.Messenger;
public final class Boot {
public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("scripting/beans.xml");
Messenger messenger = (Messenger) ctx.getBean("messenger");
System.out.println(messenger);
}
}
The output of the preceding application resembles the following:
Bean 'messenger' created : org.springframework.scripting.groovy.GroovyMessenger@272961 org.springframework.scripting.groovy.GroovyMessenger@272961
Example: The RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
Using
callback interfaces or annotations in conjunction with a
custom BeanPostProcessor
implementation
is a common means of extending the Spring IoC container. An
example is Spring’s RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
-
aBeanPostProcessor
implementation
that ships with the Spring distribution which ensures that
JavaBean properties on beans that are marked with an
(arbitrary) annotation are actually (configured to be)
dependency-injected with a value.
1.8.2. Customizing configuration metadata with a BeanFactoryPostProcessor
The
next extension point that we will look at is theorg.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanFactoryPostProcessor
.
The semantics of this interface are similar to those of the BeanPostProcessor
,
with one major difference: BeanFactoryPostProcessor
operates
on the bean
configuration metadata; that is, the Spring IoC
container allows a BeanFactoryPostProcessor
to
read the configuration metadata and potentially change it before the
container instantiates any beans other than BeanFactoryPostProcessor
s.
You
can configure multiple BeanFactoryPostProcessor
s,
and you can control the order in which these BeanFactoryPostProcessor
s
execute by setting the order
property.
However, you can only set this property if the BeanFactoryPostProcessor
implements
the Ordered
interface.
If you write your own BeanFactoryPostProcessor
,
you should consider implementing the Ordered
interface
too. Consult the javadocs of the BeanFactoryPostProcessor
and Ordered
interfaces
for more details.
If
you want to change the actual bean instances (i.e.,
the objects that are created from the configuration
metadata), then you instead need to use a Also, |
A
bean factory post-processor is executed automatically when it
is declared inside an ApplicationContext
,
in order to apply changes to the configuration metadata that
define the container. Spring includes a number of predefined
bean factory post-processors, such as PropertyOverrideConfigurer
and PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
.
A custom BeanFactoryPostProcessor
can
also be used, for example, to register custom property
editors.
An ApplicationContext
automatically
detects any beans that are deployed into it that implement the BeanFactoryPostProcessor
interface.
It uses these beans as bean factory post-processors, at the
appropriate time. You can deploy these post-processor beans as
you would any other bean.
As
with |
Example: the Class name substitution PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
You
use the PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
to
externalize property values from a bean definition in a
separate file using the standard Java Properties
format.
Doing so enables the person deploying an application to
customize environment-specific properties such as database
URLs and passwords, without the complexity or risk of
modifying the main XML definition file or files for the
container.
Consider
the following XML-based configuration metadata fragment,
where a DataSource
with
placeholder values is defined. The example shows properties
configured from an external Properties
file.
At runtime, a PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
is
applied to the metadata that will replace some properties of
the DataSource. The values to replace are specified as placeholders of
the form ${property-name}
which
follows the Ant / log4j / JSP EL style.
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer">
<property name="locations" value="classpath:com/foo/jdbc.properties"/>
</bean>
<bean id="dataSource" destroy-method="close"
class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource">
<property name="driverClassName" value="${jdbc.driverClassName}"/>
<property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${jdbc.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/>
</bean>
The
actual values come from another file in the standard Java Properties
format:
jdbc.driverClassName=org.hsqldb.jdbcDriver jdbc.url=jdbc:hsqldb:hsql://production:9002 jdbc.username=sa jdbc.password=root
Therefore,
the string ${jdbc.username}
is
replaced at runtime with the value 'sa', and the same
applies for other placeholder values that match keys in the
properties file. The PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
checks
for placeholders in most properties and attributes of a bean
definition. Furthermore, the placeholder prefix and suffix
can be customized.
With
the context
namespace
introduced in Spring 2.5, it is possible to configure
property placeholders with a dedicated configuration
element. One or more locations can be provided as a
comma-separated list in the location
attribute.
<context:property-placeholder location="classpath:com/foo/jdbc.properties"/>
The PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
not
only looks for properties in the Properties
file
you specify. By default it also checks against the Java System
properties
if it cannot find a property in the specified properties
files. You can customize this behavior by setting the systemPropertiesMode
property
of the configurer with one of the following three supported
integer values:
-
never (0): Never check system properties
-
fallback (1): Check system properties if not resolvable in the specified properties files. This is the default.
-
override (2): Check system properties first, before trying the specified properties files. This allows system properties to override any other property source.
Consult
the PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
javadocs
for more information.
You
can use the
If
the class cannot be resolved at runtime to a valid
class, resolution of the bean fails when it is
about to be created, which is during the |
Example: the PropertyOverrideConfigurer
The PropertyOverrideConfigurer
,
another bean factory post-processor, resembles the PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
,
but unlike the latter, the original definitions can have
default values or no values at all for bean properties. If
an overridingProperties
file
does not have an entry for a certain bean property, the
default context definition is used.
Note
that the bean definition is not aware
of being overridden, so it is not immediately obvious from
the XML definition file that the override configurer is
being used. In case of multiple PropertyOverrideConfigurer
instances
that define different values for the same bean property, the
last one wins, due to the overriding mechanism.
Properties file configuration lines take this format:
beanName.property=value
For example:
dataSource.driverClassName=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver dataSource.url=jdbc:mysql:mydb
This example file can be used with a container definition that contains a bean called dataSource, which has driver and urlproperties.
Compound property names are also supported, as long as every component of the path except the final property being overridden is already non-null (presumably initialized by the constructors). In this example…
foo.fred.bob.sammy=123
-
the
sammy
property of thebob
property of thefred
property of thefoo
bean is set to the scalar value123
.
Specified override values are always literal values; they are not translated into bean references. This convention also applies when the original value in the XML bean definition specifies a bean reference. |
With
the context
namespace
introduced in Spring 2.5, it is possible to configure
property overriding with a dedicated configuration element:
<context:property-override location="classpath:override.properties"/>
1.8.3. Customizing instantiation logic with a FactoryBean
Implement
the org.springframework.beans.factory.FactoryBean
interface
for objects that are
themselves factories.
The FactoryBean
interface
is a point of pluggability into the Spring IoC container’s
instantiation logic. If you have complex initialization code
that is better expressed in Java as opposed to a (potentially)
verbose amount of XML, you can create your ownFactoryBean
,
write the complex initialization inside that class, and then
plug your custom FactoryBean
into
the container.
The FactoryBean
interface
provides three methods:
-
Object getObject()
: returns an instance of the object this factory creates. The instance can possibly be shared, depending on whether this factory returns singletons or prototypes. -
boolean isSingleton()
: returnstrue
if thisFactoryBean
returns singletons,false
otherwise. -
Class getObjectType()
: returns the object type returned by thegetObject()
method ornull
if the type is not known in advance.
The FactoryBean
concept
and interface is used in a number of places within the Spring
Framework; more than 50 implementations of the FactoryBean
interface
ship with Spring itself.
When
you need to ask a container for an actual FactoryBean
instance
itself instead of the bean it produces, preface the bean’s id
with the ampersand symbol ( &
)
when calling the getBean()
method
of the ApplicationContext
.
So for a given FactoryBean
with
an id of myBean
,
invoking getBean("myBean")
on
the container returns the product of the FactoryBean
;
whereas, invoking getBean("&myBean")
returns
the FactoryBean
instance
itself.
1.9. Annotation-based container configuration
An
alternative to XML setups is provided by annotation-based
configuration which rely on the bytecode metadata for wiring up
components instead of angle-bracket declarations. Instead of
using XML to describe a bean wiring, the developer moves the
configuration into the component class itself by using
annotations on the relevant class, method, or field declaration.
As mentioned in Example:
The RequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor, using a BeanPostProcessor
in
conjunction with annotations is a common means of extending the
Spring IoC container. For example, Spring 2.0 introduced the
possibility of enforcing required properties with the @Required annotation.
Spring 2.5 made it possible to follow that same general approach
to drive Spring’s dependency injection. Essentially, the @Autowired
annotation
provides the same capabilities as described in Autowiring
collaborators but with more fine-grained
control and wider applicability. Spring 2.5 also added support
for JSR-250 annotations such as @PostConstruct
,
and @PreDestroy
.
Spring 3.0 added support for JSR-330 (Dependency Injection for
Java) annotations contained in the javax.inject package such as @Inject
and @Named
.
Details about those annotations can be found in the relevant
section.
Annotation injection is performed before XML injection, thus the latter configuration will override the former for properties wired through both approaches. |
As
always, you can register them as individual bean definitions,
but they can also be implicitly registered by including the
following tag in an XML-based Spring configuration (notice the
inclusion of the context
namespace):
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:annotation-config/>
</beans>
(The
implicitly registered post-processors include AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
,CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
, PersistenceAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
,
as well as the aforementionedRequiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
.)
|
1.9.1. @Required
The @Required
annotation
applies to bean property setter methods, as in the following
example:
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Required
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
// ...
}
This
annotation simply indicates that the affected bean property
must be populated at configuration time, through an explicit
property value in a bean definition or through autowiring. The
container throws an exception if the affected bean property
has not been populated; this allows for eager and explicit
failure, avoiding NullPointerException
s
or the like later on. It is still recommended that you put
assertions into the bean class itself, for example, into an
init method. Doing so enforces those required references and
values even when you use the class outside of a container.
1.9.2. @Autowired
JSR
330’s |
You
can apply the @Autowired
annotation
to constructors:
public class MovieRecommender {
private final CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao;
@Autowired
public MovieRecommender(CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao) {
this.customerPreferenceDao = customerPreferenceDao;
}
// ...
}
As
of Spring Framework 4.3, an |
As
expected, you can also apply the @Autowired
annotation
to "traditional" setter methods:
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Autowired
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
// ...
}
You can also apply the annotation to methods with arbitrary names and/or multiple arguments:
public class MovieRecommender {
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
private CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao;
@Autowired
public void prepare(MovieCatalog movieCatalog,
CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao) {
this.movieCatalog = movieCatalog;
this.customerPreferenceDao = customerPreferenceDao;
}
// ...
}
You
can apply @Autowired
to
fields as well and even mix it with constructors:
public class MovieRecommender {
private final CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao;
@Autowired
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
@Autowired
public MovieRecommender(CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao) {
this.customerPreferenceDao = customerPreferenceDao;
}
// ...
}
Make
sure that your target components (e.g. For
XML-defined beans or component classes found through
a classpath scan, the container usually knows the
concrete type upfront. However, for |
It
is also possible to provide all beans
of a particular type from the ApplicationContext
by
adding the annotation to a field or method that expects an
array of that type:
public class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
private MovieCatalog[] movieCatalogs;
// ...
}
The same applies for typed collections:
public class MovieRecommender {
private Set<MovieCatalog> movieCatalogs;
@Autowired
public void setMovieCatalogs(Set<MovieCatalog> movieCatalogs) {
this.movieCatalogs = movieCatalogs;
}
// ...
}
Your
target beans can implement the The Note
that the standard |
Even
typed Maps can be autowired as long as the expected key type
is String
.
The Map values will contain all beans of the expected type,
and the keys will contain the corresponding bean names:
public class MovieRecommender {
private Map<String, MovieCatalog> movieCatalogs;
@Autowired
public void setMovieCatalogs(Map<String, MovieCatalog> movieCatalogs) {
this.movieCatalogs = movieCatalogs;
}
// ...
}
By default, the autowiring fails whenever zero candidate beans are available; the default behavior is to treat annotated methods, constructors, and fields as indicating required dependencies. This behavior can be changed as demonstrated below.
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Autowired(required = false)
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
// ...
}
Only one annotated constructor per-class can be marked as required, but multiple non-required constructors can be annotated. In that case, each is considered among the candidates and Spring uses the greediestconstructor whose dependencies can be satisfied, that is the constructor that has the largest number of arguments. The required attribute
of |
Alternatively,
you may express the non-required nature of a particular
dependency through Java 8’s java.util.Optional
:
public class SimpleMovieLister {
@Autowired
public void setMovieFinder(Optional<MovieFinder> movieFinder) {
...
}
}
As
of Spring Framework 5.0, you may also use an @Nullable
annotation
(of any kind in any package, e.g. javax.annotation.Nullable
from
JSR-305):
public class SimpleMovieLister {
@Autowired
public void setMovieFinder(@Nullable MovieFinder movieFinder) {
...
}
}
You
can also use @Autowired
for
interfaces that are well-known resolvable dependencies: BeanFactory
, ApplicationContext
, Environment
, ResourceLoader
, ApplicationEventPublisher
,
and MessageSource
.
These interfaces and their extended interfaces, such as ConfigurableApplicationContext
or ResourcePatternResolver
,
are automatically resolved, with no special setup necessary.
public class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
private ApplicationContext context;
public MovieRecommender() {
}
// ...
}
|
1.9.3. Fine-tuning annotation-based autowiring with @Primary
Because
autowiring by type may lead to multiple candidates, it is
often necessary to have more control over the selection
process. One way to accomplish this is with Spring’s @Primary
annotation. @Primary
indicates
that a particular bean should be given preference when
multiple beans are candidates to be autowired to a
single-valued dependency. If exactly one 'primary' bean exists
among the candidates, it will be the autowired value.
Let’s
assume we have the following configuration that defines firstMovieCatalog
as
the primary MovieCatalog
.
@Configuration
public class MovieConfiguration {
@Bean
@Primary
public MovieCatalog firstMovieCatalog() { ... }
@Bean
public MovieCatalog secondMovieCatalog() { ... }
// ...
}
With
such configuration, the following MovieRecommender
will
be autowired with the firstMovieCatalog
.
public class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
// ...
}
The corresponding bean definitions appear as follows.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:annotation-config/>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog" primary="true">
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean id="movieRecommender" class="example.MovieRecommender"/>
</beans>
1.9.4. Fine-tuning annotation-based autowiring with qualifiers
@Primary
is
an effective way to use autowiring by type with several
instances when one primary candidate can be determined. When
more control over the selection process is required, Spring’s @Qualifier
annotation
can be used. You can associate qualifier values with specific
arguments, narrowing the set of type matches so that a
specific bean is chosen for each argument. In the simplest
case, this can be a plain descriptive value:
public class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
@Qualifier("main")
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
// ...
}
The @Qualifier
annotation
can also be specified on individual constructor arguments or
method parameters:
public class MovieRecommender {
private MovieCatalog movieCatalog;
private CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao;
@Autowired
public void prepare(@Qualifier("main")MovieCatalog movieCatalog,
CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao) {
this.movieCatalog = movieCatalog;
this.customerPreferenceDao = customerPreferenceDao;
}
// ...
}
The corresponding bean definitions appear as follows. The bean with qualifier value "main" is wired with the constructor argument that is qualified with the same value.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:annotation-config/>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier value="main"/>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier value="action"/>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean id="movieRecommender" class="example.MovieRecommender"/>
</beans>
For
a fallback match, the bean name is considered a default
qualifier value. Thus you can define the bean with an id
"main" instead of the nested qualifier element, leading to the
same matching result. However, although you can use this
convention to refer to specific beans by name, @Autowired
is
fundamentally about type-driven injection with optional
semantic qualifiers. This means that qualifier values, even
with the bean name fallback, always have narrowing semantics
within the set of type matches; they do not semantically
express a reference to a unique bean id. Good qualifier values
are "main" or "EMEA" or "persistent", expressing
characteristics of a specific component that are independent
from the bean id
,
which may be auto-generated in case of an anonymous bean
definition like the one in the preceding example.
Qualifiers
also apply to typed collections, as discussed above, for
example, to Set<MovieCatalog>
.
In this case, all matching beans according to the declared
qualifiers are injected as a collection. This implies that
qualifiers do not have to be unique; they rather simply
constitute filtering criteria. For example, you can define
multiple MovieCatalog
beans
with the same qualifier value "action", all of which would be
injected into a Set<MovieCatalog>
annotated
with @Qualifier("action")
.
Letting
qualifier values select against target bean names,
within the type-matching candidates, doesn’t even
require a That
said, if you intend to express annotation-driven
injection by name, do not primarily use For
beans that are themselves defined as a
collection/map or array type, As
of 4.3,
|
You
can create your own custom qualifier annotations. Simply
define an annotation and provide the @Qualifier
annotation
within your definition:
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.PARAMETER})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Qualifier
public @interface Genre {
String value();
}
Then you can provide the custom qualifier on autowired fields and parameters:
public class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
@Genre("Action")
private MovieCatalog actionCatalog;
private MovieCatalog comedyCatalog;
@Autowired
public void setComedyCatalog(@Genre("Comedy") MovieCatalog comedyCatalog) {
this.comedyCatalog = comedyCatalog;
}
// ...
}
Next,
provide the information for the candidate bean definitions.
You can add <qualifier/>
tags
as sub-elements of the <bean/>
tag
and then specify the type
and value
to
match your custom qualifier annotations. The type is matched
against the fully-qualified class name of the annotation. Or,
as a convenience if no risk of conflicting names exists, you
can use the short class name. Both approaches are demonstrated
in the following example.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:annotation-config/>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier type="Genre" value="Action"/>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier type="example.Genre" value="Comedy"/>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean id="movieRecommender" class="example.MovieRecommender"/>
</beans>
In Classpath scanning and managed components, you will see an annotation-based alternative to providing the qualifier metadata in XML. Specifically, see Providing qualifier metadata with annotations.
In some cases, it may be sufficient to use an annotation without a value. This may be useful when the annotation serves a more generic purpose and can be applied across several different types of dependencies. For example, you may provide an offlinecatalog that would be searched when no Internet connection is available. First define the simple annotation:
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.PARAMETER})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Qualifier
public @interface Offline {
}
Then add the annotation to the field or property to be autowired:
public class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
@Offline
private MovieCatalog offlineCatalog;
// ...
}
Now
the bean definition only needs a qualifier type
:
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier type="Offline"/>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
You
can also define custom qualifier annotations that accept named
attributes in addition to or instead of the simple value
attribute.
If multiple attribute values are then specified on a field or
parameter to be autowired, a bean definition must match allsuch
attribute values to be considered an autowire candidate. As an
example, consider the following annotation definition:
@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.PARAMETER})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Qualifier
public @interface MovieQualifier {
String genre();
Format format();
}
In
this case Format
is
an enum:
public enum Format {
VHS, DVD, BLURAY
}
The
fields to be autowired are annotated with the custom qualifier
and include values for both attributes: genre
and format
.
public class MovieRecommender {
@Autowired
@MovieQualifier(format=Format.VHS, genre="Action")
private MovieCatalog actionVhsCatalog;
@Autowired
@MovieQualifier(format=Format.VHS, genre="Comedy")
private MovieCatalog comedyVhsCatalog;
@Autowired
@MovieQualifier(format=Format.DVD, genre="Action")
private MovieCatalog actionDvdCatalog;
@Autowired
@MovieQualifier(format=Format.BLURAY, genre="Comedy")
private MovieCatalog comedyBluRayCatalog;
// ...
}
Finally,
the bean definitions should contain matching qualifier values.
This example also demonstrates that bean meta attributes
may be used instead of the <qualifier/>
sub-elements.
If available, the <qualifier/>
and
its attributes take precedence, but the autowiring mechanism
falls back on the values provided within the <meta/>
tags
if no such qualifier is present, as in the last two bean
definitions in the following example.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:annotation-config/>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier type="MovieQualifier">
<attribute key="format" value="VHS"/>
<attribute key="genre" value="Action"/>
</qualifier>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<qualifier type="MovieQualifier">
<attribute key="format" value="VHS"/>
<attribute key="genre" value="Comedy"/>
</qualifier>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<meta key="format" value="DVD"/>
<meta key="genre" value="Action"/>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
<bean class="example.SimpleMovieCatalog">
<meta key="format" value="BLURAY"/>
<meta key="genre" value="Comedy"/>
<!-- inject any dependencies required by this bean -->
</bean>
</beans>
1.9.5. Using generics as autowiring qualifiers
In
addition to the @Qualifier
annotation,
it is also possible to use Java generic types as an implicit
form of qualification. For example, suppose you have the
following configuration:
@Configuration
public class MyConfiguration {
@Bean
public StringStore stringStore() {
return new StringStore();
}
@Bean
public IntegerStore integerStore() {
return new IntegerStore();
}
}
Assuming
that beans above implement a generic interface, i.e. Store<String>
and Store<Integer>
,
you can @Autowire
the Store
interface
and the generic will
be used as a qualifier:
@Autowired
private Store<String> s1; // <String> qualifier, injects the stringStore bean
@Autowired
private Store<Integer> s2; // <Integer> qualifier, injects the integerStore bean
Generic qualifiers also apply when autowiring Lists, Maps and Arrays:
// Inject all Store beans as long as they have an <Integer> generic
// Store<String> beans will not appear in this list
@Autowired
private List<Store<Integer>> s;
1.9.6. CustomAutowireConfigurer
The CustomAutowireConfigurer
is
a BeanFactoryPostProcessor
that
enables you to register your own custom qualifier annotation
types even if they are not annotated with Spring’s @Qualifier
annotation.
<bean id="customAutowireConfigurer"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.CustomAutowireConfigurer">
<property name="customQualifierTypes">
<set>
<value>example.CustomQualifier</value>
</set>
</property>
</bean>
The AutowireCandidateResolver
determines
autowire candidates by:
-
the
autowire-candidate
value of each bean definition -
any
default-autowire-candidates
pattern(s) available on the<beans/>
element -
the presence of
@Qualifier
annotations and any custom annotations registered with theCustomAutowireConfigurer
When
multiple beans qualify as autowire candidates, the
determination of a "primary" is the following: if exactly one
bean definition among the candidates has a primary
attribute
set to true
,
it will be selected.
1.9.7. @Resource
Spring
also supports injection using the JSR-250 @Resource
annotation
on fields or bean property setter methods. This is a common
pattern in Java EE 5 and 6, for example in JSF 1.2 managed
beans or JAX-WS 2.0 endpoints. Spring supports this pattern
for Spring-managed objects as well.
@Resource
takes
a name attribute, and by default Spring interprets that value
as the bean name to be injected. In other words, it follows by-name semantics,
as demonstrated in this example:
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Resource(name="myMovieFinder")
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
}
If no name is specified explicitly, the default name is derived from the field name or setter method. In case of a field, it takes the field name; in case of a setter method, it takes the bean property name. So the following example is going to have the bean with name "movieFinder" injected into its setter method:
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Resource
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
}
The
name provided with the annotation is resolved as a
bean name by the |
In
the exclusive case of @Resource
usage
with no explicit name specified, and similar to @Autowired
, @Resource
finds
a primary type match instead of a specific named bean and
resolves well-known resolvable dependencies: the BeanFactory
,ApplicationContext
, ResourceLoader
, ApplicationEventPublisher
,
and MessageSource
interfaces.
Thus
in the following example, the customerPreferenceDao
field
first looks for a bean named customerPreferenceDao, then falls
back to a primary type match for the type CustomerPreferenceDao
.
The "context" field is injected based on the known resolvable
dependency type ApplicationContext
.
public class MovieRecommender {
@Resource
private CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao;
@Resource
private ApplicationContext context;
public MovieRecommender() {
}
// ...
}
1.9.8. @PostConstruct and @PreDestroy
The CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
not
only recognizes the @Resource
annotation
but also the JSR-250 lifecycleannotations.
Introduced in Spring 2.5, the support for these annotations
offers yet another alternative to those described ininitialization
callbacks and destruction
callbacks. Provided that the CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
is
registered within the Spring ApplicationContext
,
a method carrying one of these annotations is invoked at the
same point in the lifecycle as the corresponding Spring
lifecycle interface method or explicitly declared callback
method. In the example below, the cache will be pre-populated
upon initialization and cleared upon destruction.
public class CachingMovieLister {
@PostConstruct
public void populateMovieCache() {
// populates the movie cache upon initialization...
}
@PreDestroy
public void clearMovieCache() {
// clears the movie cache upon destruction...
}
}
For details about the effects of combining various lifecycle mechanisms, see Combining lifecycle mechanisms. |
1.10. Classpath scanning and managed components
Most
examples in this chapter use XML to specify the configuration
metadata that produces each BeanDefinition
within
the Spring container. The previous section (Annotation-based
container configuration) demonstrates how to provide a lot
of the configuration metadata through source-level annotations.
Even in those examples, however, the "base" bean definitions are
explicitly defined in the XML file, while the annotations only
drive the dependency injection. This section describes an option
for implicitly detecting the candidate
components by scanning the classpath.
Candidate components are classes that match against a filter
criteria and have a corresponding bean definition registered
with the container. This removes the need to use XML to perform
bean registration; instead you can use annotations (for example @Component
),
AspectJ type expressions, or your own custom filter criteria to
select which classes will have bean definitions registered with
the container.
Starting
with Spring 3.0, many features provided by the Spring
JavaConfig project are part of the core Spring
Framework. This allows you to define beans using Java
rather than using the traditional XML files. Take a
look at the |
1.10.1. @Component and further stereotype annotations
The @Repository
annotation
is a marker for any class that fulfills the role or stereotype of
a repository (also known as Data Access Object or DAO). Among
the uses of this marker is the automatic translation of
exceptions as described in Exception
translation.
Spring
provides further stereotype annotations: @Component
, @Service
,
and @Controller
. @Component
is
a generic stereotype for any Spring-managed component. @Repository
, @Service
,
and @Controller
are
specializations of @Component
for
more specific use cases, for example, in the persistence,
service, and presentation layers, respectively. Therefore, you
can annotate your component classes with @Component
,
but by annotating them with @Repository
, @Service
,
or @Controller
instead,
your classes are more properly suited for processing by tools
or associating with aspects. For example, these stereotype
annotations make ideal targets for pointcuts. It is also
possible that @Repository
, @Service
,
and @Controller
may
carry additional semantics in future releases of the Spring
Framework. Thus, if you are choosing between using @Component
or @Service
for
your service layer, @Service
is
clearly the better choice. Similarly, as stated above, @Repository
is
already supported as a marker for automatic exception
translation in your persistence layer.
1.10.2. Meta-annotations
Many
of the annotations provided by Spring can be used as meta-annotations in
your own code. A meta-annotation is simply an annotation that
can be applied to another annotation. For example, the @Service
annotation
mentioned above is meta-annotated with @Component
:
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Component // Spring will see this and treat @Service in the same way as @Component
public @interface Service {
// ....
}
Meta-annotations
can also be combined to create composed
annotations. For example, the @RestController
annotation
from Spring MVC is composed of @Controller
and @ResponseBody
.
In
addition, composed annotations may optionally redeclare
attributes from meta-annotations to allow user customization.
This can be particularly useful when you want to only expose a
subset of the meta-annotation’s attributes. For example,
Spring’s@SessionScope
annotation
hardcodes the scope name to session
but
still allows customization of the proxyMode
.
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Scope(WebApplicationContext.SCOPE_SESSION)
public @interface SessionScope {
/**
* Alias for {@link Scope#proxyMode}.
* <p>Defaults to {@link ScopedProxyMode#TARGET_CLASS}.
*/
@AliasFor(annotation = Scope.class)
ScopedProxyMode proxyMode() default ScopedProxyMode.TARGET_CLASS;
}
@SessionScope
can
then be used without declaring the proxyMode
as
follows:
@Service
@SessionScope
public class SessionScopedService {
// ...
}
Or
with an overridden value for the proxyMode
as
follows:
@Service
@SessionScope(proxyMode = ScopedProxyMode.INTERFACES)
public class SessionScopedUserService implements UserService {
// ...
}
For further details, consult the Spring Annotation Programming Model wiki page.
1.10.3. Automatically detecting classes and registering bean definitions
Spring
can automatically detect stereotyped classes and register
corresponding BeanDefinition
s
with the ApplicationContext
.
For example, the following two classes are eligible for such
autodetection:
@Service
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Autowired
public SimpleMovieLister(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
}
@Repository
public class JpaMovieFinder implements MovieFinder {
// implementation elided for clarity
}
To
autodetect these classes and register the corresponding beans,
you need to add @ComponentScan
to
your @Configuration
class,
where the basePackages
attribute
is a common parent package for the two classes.
(Alternatively, you can specify a
comma/semicolon/space-separated list that includes the parent
package of each class.)
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.example")
public class AppConfig {
...
}
For
concision, the above may have used the |
The following is an alternative using XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:component-scan base-package="org.example"/>
</beans>
The
use of |
The scanning of classpath packages requires the presence of corresponding directory entries in the classpath. When you build JARs with Ant, make sure that you do not activate the files-only switch of the JAR task. Also, classpath directories may not get exposed based on security policies in some environments, e.g. standalone apps on JDK 1.7.0_45 and higher (which requires 'Trusted-Library' setup in your manifests; seehttp://stackoverflow.com/questions/19394570/java-jre-7u45-breaks-classloader-getresources). On
JDK 9’s module path (Jigsaw), Spring’s classpath
scanning generally works as expected. However,
please make sure that your component classes are
exported in your |
Furthermore,
the AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
and CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
are
both included implicitly when you use the component-scan
element. That means that the two components are autodetected and wired
together - all without any bean configuration metadata
provided in XML.
You
can disable the registration of |
1.10.4. Using filters to customize scanning
By
default, classes annotated with @Component
, @Repository
, @Service
, @Controller
,
or a custom annotation that itself is annotated with @Component
are
the only detected candidate components. However, you can
modify and extend this behavior simply by applying custom
filters. Add them as includeFilters or excludeFilters parameters
of the @ComponentScan
annotation
(or as include-filter or exclude-filter sub-elements
of the component-scan
element).
Each filter element requires the type
and expression
attributes.
The following table describes the filtering options.
Filter Type | Example Expression | Description |
---|---|---|
annotation (default) |
|
An annotation to be present at the type level in target components. |
assignable |
|
A class (or interface) that the target components are assignable to (extend/implement). |
aspectj |
|
An AspectJ type expression to be matched by the target components. |
regex |
|
A regex expression to be matched by the target components class names. |
custom |
|
A
custom implementation of the |
The
following example shows the configuration ignoring all @Repository
annotations
and using "stub" repositories instead.
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.example",
includeFilters = @Filter(type = FilterType.REGEX, pattern = ".*Stub.*Repository"),
excludeFilters = @Filter(Repository.class))
public class AppConfig {
...
}
and the equivalent using XML
<beans>
<context:component-scan base-package="org.example">
<context:include-filter type="regex"
expression=".*Stub.*Repository"/>
<context:exclude-filter type="annotation"
expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Repository"/>
</context:component-scan>
</beans>
You
can also disable the default filters by setting |
1.10.5. Defining bean metadata within components
Spring
components can also contribute bean definition metadata to the
container. You do this with the same @Bean
annotation
used to define bean metadata within @Configuration
annotated
classes. Here is a simple example:
@Component
public class FactoryMethodComponent {
@Bean
@Qualifier("public")
public TestBean publicInstance() {
return new TestBean("publicInstance");
}
public void doWork() {
// Component method implementation omitted
}
}
This
class is a Spring component that has application-specific code
contained in its doWork()
method.
However, it also contributes a bean definition that has a
factory method referring to the method publicInstance()
.
The @Bean
annotation
identifies the factory method and other bean definition
properties, such as a qualifier value through the @Qualifier
annotation.
Other method level annotations that can be specified are @Scope
, @Lazy
,
and custom qualifier annotations.
In
addition to its role for component initialization,
the |
Autowired
fields and methods are supported as previously discussed, with
additional support for autowiring of @Bean
methods:
@Component
public class FactoryMethodComponent {
private static int i;
@Bean
@Qualifier("public")
public TestBean publicInstance() {
return new TestBean("publicInstance");
}
// use of a custom qualifier and autowiring of method parameters
@Bean
protected TestBean protectedInstance(
@Qualifier("public") TestBean spouse,
@Value("#{privateInstance.age}") String country) {
TestBean tb = new TestBean("protectedInstance", 1);
tb.setSpouse(spouse);
tb.setCountry(country);
return tb;
}
@Bean
private TestBean privateInstance() {
return new TestBean("privateInstance", i++);
}
@Bean
@RequestScope
public TestBean requestScopedInstance() {
return new TestBean("requestScopedInstance", 3);
}
}
The
example autowires the String
method
parameter country
to
the value of the age
property
on another bean named privateInstance
.
A Spring Expression Language element defines the value of the
property through the notation #{
<expression> }
. For @Value
annotations,
an expression resolver is preconfigured to look for bean names
when resolving expression text.
As
of Spring Framework 4.3, you may also declare a factory method
parameter of type InjectionPoint
(or
its more specific subclass DependencyDescriptor
)
in order to access the requesting injection point that
triggers the creation of the current bean. Note that this will
only apply to the actual creation of bean instances, not to
the injection of existing instances. As a consequence, this
feature makes most sense for beans of prototype scope. For
other scopes, the factory method will only ever see the
injection point which triggered the creation of a new bean
instance in the given scope: for example, the dependency that
triggered the creation of a lazy singleton bean. Use the
provided injection point metadata with semantic care in such
scenarios.
@Component
public class FactoryMethodComponent {
@Bean @Scope("prototype")
public TestBean prototypeInstance(InjectionPoint injectionPoint) {
return new TestBean("prototypeInstance for " + injectionPoint.getMember());
}
}
The @Bean
methods
in a regular Spring component are processed differently than
their counterparts inside a Spring @Configuration
class.
The difference is that @Component
classes
are not enhanced with CGLIB to intercept the invocation of
methods and fields. CGLIB proxying is the means by which
invoking methods or fields within @Bean
methods
in @Configuration
classes
creates bean metadata references to collaborating objects;
such methods are not invoked
with normal Java semantics but rather go through the container
in order to provide the usual lifecycle management and
proxying of Spring beans even when referring to other beans
via programmatic calls to @Bean
methods.
In contrast, invoking a method or field in an @Bean
method
within a plain @Component
class has standard
Java semantics, with no special CGLIB processing or other
constraints applying.
You
may declare Note
that calls to static The
Java language visibility of
Finally,
note that a single class may hold multiple |
1.10.6. Naming autodetected components
When
a component is autodetected as part of the scanning process,
its bean name is generated by the BeanNameGenerator
strategy
known to that scanner. By default, any Spring stereotype
annotation (@Component
, @Repository
, @Service
,
and@Controller
)
that contains a name value
will
thereby provide that name to the corresponding bean
definition.
If
such an annotation contains no name value
or
for any other detected component (such as those discovered by
custom filters), the default bean name generator returns the
uncapitalized non-qualified class name. For example, if the
following component classes were detected, the names would be myMovieLister
and movieFinderImpl
:
@Service("myMovieLister")
public class SimpleMovieLister {
// ...
}
@Repository
public class MovieFinderImpl implements MovieFinder {
// ...
}
If
you do not want to rely on the default bean-naming
strategy, you can provide a custom bean-naming
strategy. First, implement the |
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.example", nameGenerator = MyNameGenerator.class)
public class AppConfig {
...
}
<beans>
<context:component-scan base-package="org.example"
name-generator="org.example.MyNameGenerator" />
</beans>
As a general rule, consider specifying the name with the annotation whenever other components may be making explicit references to it. On the other hand, the auto-generated names are adequate whenever the container is responsible for wiring.
1.10.7. Providing a scope for autodetected components
As
with Spring-managed components in general, the default and
most common scope for autodetected components is singleton
.
However, sometimes you need a different scope which can be
specified via the @Scope
annotation.
Simply provide the name of the scope within the annotation:
@Scope("prototype")
@Repository
public class MovieFinderImpl implements MovieFinder {
// ...
}
|
For
details on web-specific scopes such as "request"/"session" in
a Spring context, see Request,
session, application, and WebSocket scopes. Like the
pre-built annotations for those scopes, you may also compose
your own scoping annotations using Spring’s meta-annotation
approach: e.g. a custom annotation meta-annotated with @Scope("prototype")
,
possibly also declaring a custom scoped-proxy mode.
To
provide a custom strategy for scope resolution
rather than relying on the annotation-based
approach, implement the |
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.example", scopeResolver = MyScopeResolver.class)
public class AppConfig {
...
}
<beans>
<context:component-scan base-package="org.example" scope-resolver="org.example.MyScopeResolver"/>
</beans>
When using certain non-singleton scopes, it may be necessary to generate proxies for the scoped objects. The reasoning is described in Scoped beans as dependencies. For this purpose, a scoped-proxy attribute is available on the component-scan element. The three possible values are: no, interfaces, and targetClass. For example, the following configuration will result in standard JDK dynamic proxies:
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.example", scopedProxy = ScopedProxyMode.INTERFACES)
public class AppConfig {
...
}
<beans>
<context:component-scan base-package="org.example" scoped-proxy="interfaces"/>
</beans>
1.10.8. Providing qualifier metadata with annotations
The @Qualifier
annotation
is discussed in Fine-tuning
annotation-based autowiring with qualifiers. The
examples in that section demonstrate the use of the @Qualifier
annotation
and custom qualifier annotations to provide fine-grained
control when you resolve autowire candidates. Because those
examples were based on XML bean definitions, the qualifier
metadata was provided on the candidate bean definitions using
the qualifier
or meta
sub-elements
of the bean
element
in the XML. When relying upon classpath scanning for
autodetection of components, you provide the qualifier
metadata with type-level annotations on the candidate class.
The following three examples demonstrate this technique:
@Component
@Qualifier("Action")
public class ActionMovieCatalog implements MovieCatalog {
// ...
}
@Component
@Genre("Action")
public class ActionMovieCatalog implements MovieCatalog {
// ...
}
@Component
@Offline
public class CachingMovieCatalog implements MovieCatalog {
// ...
}
As with most annotation-based alternatives, keep in mind that the annotation metadata is bound to the class definition itself, while the use of XML allows for multiple beans of the same type to provide variations in their qualifier metadata, because that metadata is provided per-instance rather than per-class. |
1.10.9. Generating an index of candidate components
While
classpath scanning is very fast, it is possible to improve the
startup performance of large applications by creating a static
list of candidates at compilation time. In this mode, all
modules of the application must use
this mechanism as, when theApplicationContext
detects
such index, it will automatically use it rather than scanning
the classpath.
To generate the index, simply add an additional dependency to each module that contains components that are target for component scan directives:
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context-indexer</artifactId>
<version>5.0.7.RELEASE</version>
<optional>true</optional>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
Or, using Gradle:
dependencies {
compileOnly("org.springframework:spring-context-indexer:5.0.7.RELEASE")
}
That
process will generate a META-INF/spring.components
file
that is going to be included in the jar.
When
working with this mode in your IDE, the |
The
index is enabled automatically when a |
1.11. Using JSR 330 Standard Annotations
Starting with Spring 3.0, Spring offers support for JSR-330 standard annotations (Dependency Injection). Those annotations are scanned in the same way as the Spring annotations. You just need to have the relevant jars in your classpath.
If
you are using Maven, the
|
1.11.1. Dependency Injection with @Inject and @Named
Instead
of @Autowired
, @javax.inject.Inject
may
be used as follows:
import javax.inject.Inject;
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Inject
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
public void listMovies() {
this.movieFinder.findMovies(...);
...
}
}
As
with @Autowired
,
it is possible to use @Inject
at
the field level, method level and constructor-argument level.
Furthermore, you may declare your injection point as a Provider
,
allowing for on-demand access to beans of shorter scopes or
lazy access to other beans through a Provider.get()
call.
As a variant of the example above:
import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.inject.Provider;
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private Provider<MovieFinder> movieFinder;
@Inject
public void setMovieFinder(Provider<MovieFinder> movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
public void listMovies() {
this.movieFinder.get().findMovies(...);
...
}
}
If
you would like to use a qualified name for the dependency that
should be injected, you should use the @Named
annotation
as follows:
import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.inject.Named;
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Inject
public void setMovieFinder(@Named("main") MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
// ...
}
Like @Autowired
, @Inject
can
also be used with java.util.Optional
or @Nullable
.
This is even more applicable here since @Inject
does
not have a required
attribute.
public class SimpleMovieLister {
@Inject
public void setMovieFinder(Optional<MovieFinder> movieFinder) {
...
}
}
public class SimpleMovieLister {
@Inject
public void setMovieFinder(@Nullable MovieFinder movieFinder) {
...
}
}
1.11.2. @Named and @ManagedBean: standard equivalents to the @Component annotation
Instead
of @Component
, @javax.inject.Named
or javax.annotation.ManagedBean
may
be used as follows:
import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.inject.Named;
@Named("movieListener") // @ManagedBean("movieListener") could be used as well
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Inject
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
// ...
}
It
is very common to use @Component
without
specifying a name for the component. @Named
can
be used in a similar fashion:
import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.inject.Named;
@Named
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
@Inject
public void setMovieFinder(MovieFinder movieFinder) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
}
// ...
}
When
using @Named
or @ManagedBean
,
it is possible to use component scanning in the exact same way
as when using Spring annotations:
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "org.example")
public class AppConfig {
...
}
In
contrast to |
1.11.3. Limitations of JSR-330 standard annotations
When working with standard annotations, it is important to know that some significant features are not available as shown in the table below:
Spring | javax.inject.* | javax.inject restrictions / comments |
---|---|---|
@Autowired |
@Inject |
|
@Component |
@Named / @ManagedBean |
JSR-330 does not provide a composable model, just a way to identify named components. |
@Scope("singleton") |
@Singleton |
The
JSR-330 default scope is like Spring’s |
@Qualifier |
@Qualifier / @Named |
|
@Value |
- |
no equivalent |
@Required |
- |
no equivalent |
@Lazy |
- |
no equivalent |
ObjectFactory |
Provider |
|
1.12. Java-based container configuration
1.12.1. Basic concepts: @Bean and @Configuration
The
central artifacts in Spring’s new Java-configuration support
are @Configuration
-annotated
classes and @Bean
-annotated
methods.
The @Bean
annotation
is used to indicate that a method instantiates, configures and
initializes a new object to be managed by the Spring IoC
container. For those familiar with Spring’s <beans/>
XML
configuration the @Bean
annotation
plays the same role as the <bean/>
element.
You can use @Bean
annotated
methods with any Spring @Component
,
however, they are most often used with @Configuration
beans.
Annotating
a class with @Configuration
indicates
that its primary purpose is as a source of bean definitions.
Furthermore, @Configuration
classes
allow inter-bean dependencies to be defined by simply calling
other @Bean
methods
in the same class. The simplest possible @Configuration
class
would read as follows:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public MyService myService() {
return new MyServiceImpl();
}
}
The AppConfig
class
above would be equivalent to the following Spring <beans/>
XML:
<beans>
<bean id="myService" class="com.acme.services.MyServiceImpl"/>
</beans>
The @Bean
and @Configuration
annotations
will be discussed in depth in the sections below. First,
however, we’ll cover the various ways of creating a spring
container using Java-based configuration.
1.12.2. Instantiating the Spring container using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
The
sections below document Spring’s AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
,
new in Spring 3.0. This versatile ApplicationContext
implementation
is capable of accepting not only @Configuration
classes
as input, but also plain @Component
classes
and classes annotated with JSR-330 metadata.
When @Configuration
classes
are provided as input, the @Configuration
class
itself is registered as a bean definition, and all declared @Bean
methods
within the class are also registered as bean definitions.
When @Component
and
JSR-330 classes are provided, they are registered as bean
definitions, and it is assumed that DI metadata such as @Autowired
or @Inject
are
used within those classes where necessary.
Simple construction
In
much the same way that Spring XML files are used as input
when instantiating a ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
, @Configuration
classes
may be used as input when instantiating an AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
.
This allows for completely XML-free usage of the Spring
container:
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(AppConfig.class);
MyService myService = ctx.getBean(MyService.class);
myService.doStuff();
}
As
mentioned above, AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
is
not limited to working only with @Configuration
classes.
Any @Component
or
JSR-330 annotated class may be supplied as input to the
constructor. For example:
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(MyServiceImpl.class, Dependency1.class, Dependency2.class);
MyService myService = ctx.getBean(MyService.class);
myService.doStuff();
}
The
above assumes that MyServiceImpl
, Dependency1
and Dependency2
use
Spring dependency injection annotations such as @Autowired
.
Building the container programmatically using register(Class<?>…)
An AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
may
be instantiated using a no-arg constructor and then
configured using the register()
method.
This approach is particularly useful when programmatically
building an AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
.
public static void main(String[] args) {
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
ctx.register(AppConfig.class, OtherConfig.class);
ctx.register(AdditionalConfig.class);
ctx.refresh();
MyService myService = ctx.getBean(MyService.class);
myService.doStuff();
}
Enabling component scanning with scan(String…)
To
enable component scanning, just annotate your @Configuration
class
as follows:
@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.acme")
public class AppConfig {
...
}
Experienced
Spring users will be familiar with the XML
declaration equivalent from Spring’s
|
In
the example above, the com.acme
package
will be scanned, looking for any @Component
-annotated
classes, and those classes will be registered as Spring bean
definitions within the container. AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
exposes
thescan(String…
)
method to allow for the same
component-scanning functionality:
public static void main(String[] args) {
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
ctx.scan("com.acme");
ctx.refresh();
MyService myService = ctx.getBean(MyService.class);
}
Remember
that |
Support for web applications with AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
A WebApplicationContext
variant
of AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
is
available with AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
.
This implementation may be used when configuring the Spring ContextLoaderListener
servlet
listener, Spring MVC DispatcherServlet
,
etc. What follows is a web.xml
snippet
that configures a typical Spring MVC web application. Note
the use of the contextClass
context-param
and init-param:
<web-app>
<!-- Configure ContextLoaderListener to use AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
instead of the default XmlWebApplicationContext -->
<context-param>
<param-name>contextClass</param-name>
<param-value>
org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
</param-value>
</context-param>
<!-- Configuration locations must consist of one or more comma- or space-delimited
fully-qualified @Configuration classes. Fully-qualified packages may also be
specified for component-scanning -->
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>com.acme.AppConfig</param-value>
</context-param>
<!-- Bootstrap the root application context as usual using ContextLoaderListener -->
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<!-- Declare a Spring MVC DispatcherServlet as usual -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<!-- Configure DispatcherServlet to use AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
instead of the default XmlWebApplicationContext -->
<init-param>
<param-name>contextClass</param-name>
<param-value>
org.springframework.web.context.support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext
</param-value>
</init-param>
<!-- Again, config locations must consist of one or more comma- or space-delimited
and fully-qualified @Configuration classes -->
<init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>com.acme.web.MvcConfig</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
<!-- map all requests for /app/* to the dispatcher servlet -->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>dispatcher</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/app/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
1.12.3. Using the @Bean annotation
@Bean
is
a method-level annotation and a direct analog of the XML <bean/>
element.
The annotation supports some of the attributes offered by <bean/>
,
such as: init-method, destroy-method, autowiring and name
.
You
can use the @Bean
annotation
in a @Configuration
-annotated
or in a @Component
-annotated
class.
Declaring a bean
To
declare a bean, simply annotate a method with the @Bean
annotation.
You use this method to register a bean definition within an ApplicationContext
of
the type specified as the method’s return value. By default,
the bean name will be the same as the method name. The
following is a simple example of a @Bean
method
declaration:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public TransferServiceImpl transferService() {
return new TransferServiceImpl();
}
}
The preceding configuration is exactly equivalent to the following Spring XML:
<beans>
<bean id="transferService" class="com.acme.TransferServiceImpl"/>
</beans>
Both
declarations make a bean named transferService
available
in the ApplicationContext
,
bound to an object instance of type TransferServiceImpl
:
transferService -> com.acme.TransferServiceImpl
You
may also declare your @Bean
method
with an interface (or base class) return type:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public TransferService transferService() {
return new TransferServiceImpl();
}
}
However,
this limits the visibility for advance type prediction to
the specified interface type (TransferService
)
then, with the full type (TransferServiceImpl
)
only known to the container once the affected singleton bean
has been instantiated. Non-lazy singleton beans get
instantiated according to their declaration order, so you
may see different type matching results depending on when
another component tries to match by a non-declared type
(such as @Autowired
TransferServiceImpl
which will
only resolve once the "transferService" bean has been
instantiated).
If
you consistently refer to your types by a declared
service interface, your |
Bean dependencies
A @Bean
annotated
method can have an arbitrary number of parameters describing
the dependencies required to build that bean. For instance
if our TransferService
requires
an AccountRepository
we
can materialize that dependency via a method parameter:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public TransferService transferService(AccountRepository accountRepository) {
return new TransferServiceImpl(accountRepository);
}
}
The resolution mechanism is pretty much identical to constructor-based dependency injection, see the relevant section for more details.
Receiving lifecycle callbacks
Any
classes defined with the @Bean
annotation
support the regular lifecycle callbacks and can use the @PostConstruct
and @PreDestroy
annotations
from JSR-250, see JSR-250
annotations for further details.
The
regular Spring lifecycle callbacks
are fully supported as well. If a bean implements InitializingBean
, DisposableBean
,
or Lifecycle
,
their respective methods are called by the container.
The
standard set of *Aware
interfaces
such as BeanFactoryAware, BeanNameAware, MessageSourceAware,ApplicationContextAware,
and so on are also fully supported.
The @Bean
annotation
supports specifying arbitrary initialization and destruction
callback methods, much like Spring XML’s init-method
and destroy-method
attributes
on the bean
element:
public class Foo {
public void init() {
// initialization logic
}
}
public class Bar {
public void cleanup() {
// destruction logic
}
}
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean(initMethod = "init")
public Foo foo() {
return new Foo();
}
@Bean(destroyMethod = "cleanup")
public Bar bar() {
return new Bar();
}
}
By
default, beans defined using Java config that have
a public You
may want to do that by default for a resource that
you acquire via JNDI as its lifecycle is managed
outside the application. In particular, make sure
to always do it for a
Also,
with |
Of
course, in the case of Foo
above,
it would be equally as valid to call the init()
method
directly during construction:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public Foo foo() {
Foo foo = new Foo();
foo.init();
return foo;
}
// ...
}
When you work directly in Java, you can do anything you like with your objects and do not always need to rely on the container lifecycle! |
Specifying bean scope
Using the @Scope annotation
You
can specify that your beans defined with the @Bean
annotation
should have a specific scope. You can use any of the
standard scopes specified in the Bean
Scopes section.
The
default scope is singleton
,
but you can override this with the @Scope
annotation:
@Configuration
public class MyConfiguration {
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")
public Encryptor encryptor() {
// ...
}
}
@Scope and scoped-proxy
Spring
offers a convenient way of working with scoped
dependencies through scoped
proxies. The easiest way to create such a proxy when
using the XML configuration is the <aop:scoped-proxy/>
element.
Configuring your beans in Java with a @Scope annotation
offers equivalent support with the proxyMode attribute.
The default is no proxy ( ScopedProxyMode.NO
),
but you can specify ScopedProxyMode.TARGET_CLASS
or ScopedProxyMode.INTERFACES
.
If
you port the scoped proxy example from the XML reference
documentation (see preceding link) to our @Bean
using
Java, it would look like the following:
// an HTTP Session-scoped bean exposed as a proxy
@Bean
@SessionScope
public UserPreferences userPreferences() {
return new UserPreferences();
}
@Bean
public Service userService() {
UserService service = new SimpleUserService();
// a reference to the proxied userPreferences bean
service.setUserPreferences(userPreferences());
return service;
}
Customizing bean naming
By
default, configuration classes use a @Bean
method’s
name as the name of the resulting bean. This functionality
can be overridden, however, with the name
attribute.
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean(name = "myFoo")
public Foo foo() {
return new Foo();
}
}
Bean aliasing
As
discussed in Naming
beans, it is sometimes desirable to give a single bean
multiple names, otherwise known as bean
aliasing. The name
attribute
of the @Bean
annotation
accepts a String array for this purpose.
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean(name = { "dataSource", "subsystemA-dataSource", "subsystemB-dataSource" })
public DataSource dataSource() {
// instantiate, configure and return DataSource bean...
}
}
Bean description
Sometimes it is helpful to provide a more detailed textual description of a bean. This can be particularly useful when beans are exposed (perhaps via JMX) for monitoring purposes.
To
add a description to a @Bean
the @Description
annotation
can be used:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
@Description("Provides a basic example of a bean")
public Foo foo() {
return new Foo();
}
}
1.12.4. Using the @Configuration annotation
@Configuration
is
a class-level annotation indicating that an object is a source
of bean definitions. @Configuration
classes
declare beans via public @Bean
annotated
methods. Calls to @Bean
methods
on @Configuration
classes
can also be used to define inter-bean dependencies. See Basic
concepts: @Bean and @Configuration for
a general introduction.
Injecting inter-bean dependencies
When @Bean
s
have dependencies on one another, expressing that dependency
is as simple as having one bean method call another:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public Foo foo() {
return new Foo(bar());
}
@Bean
public Bar bar() {
return new Bar();
}
}
In
the example above, the foo
bean
receives a reference to bar
via
constructor injection.
This
method of declaring inter-bean dependencies only
works when the |
Lookup method injection
As noted earlier, lookup method injection is an advanced feature that you should use rarely. It is useful in cases where a singleton-scoped bean has a dependency on a prototype-scoped bean. Using Java for this type of configuration provides a natural means for implementing this pattern.
public abstract class CommandManager {
public Object process(Object commandState) {
// grab a new instance of the appropriate Command interface
Command command = createCommand();
// set the state on the (hopefully brand new) Command instance
command.setState(commandState);
return command.execute();
}
// okay... but where is the implementation of this method?
protected abstract Command createCommand();
}
Using
Java-configuration support , you can create a subclass of CommandManager
where
the abstract createCommand()
method
is overridden in such a way that it looks up a new
(prototype) command object:
@Bean
@Scope("prototype")
public AsyncCommand asyncCommand() {
AsyncCommand command = new AsyncCommand();
// inject dependencies here as required
return command;
}
@Bean
public CommandManager commandManager() {
// return new anonymous implementation of CommandManager with command() overridden
// to return a new prototype Command object
return new CommandManager() {
protected Command createCommand() {
return asyncCommand();
}
}
}
Further information about how Java-based configuration works internally
The
following example shows a @Bean
annotated
method being called twice:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public ClientService clientService1() {
ClientServiceImpl clientService = new ClientServiceImpl();
clientService.setClientDao(clientDao());
return clientService;
}
@Bean
public ClientService clientService2() {
ClientServiceImpl clientService = new ClientServiceImpl();
clientService.setClientDao(clientDao());
return clientService;
}
@Bean
public ClientDao clientDao() {
return new ClientDaoImpl();
}
}
clientDao()
has
been called once in clientService1()
and
once in clientService2()
.
Since this method creates a new instance of ClientDaoImpl
and
returns it, you would normally expect having 2 instances
(one for each service). That definitely would be
problematic: in Spring, instantiated beans have a singleton
scope
by default. This is where the magic comes in: All @Configuration
classes
are subclassed at startup-time with CGLIB
.
In the subclass, the child method checks the container first
for any cached (scoped) beans before it calls the parent
method and creates a new instance. Note that as of Spring
3.2, it is no longer necessary to add CGLIB to your
classpath because CGLIB classes have been repackaged under org.springframework.cglib
and
included directly within the spring-core JAR.
The behavior could be different according to the scope of your bean. We are talking about singletons here. |
There
are a few restrictions due to the fact that CGLIB
dynamically adds features at startup-time, in
particular that configuration classes must not be
final. However, as of 4.3, any constructors are
allowed on configuration classes, including the
use of If
you prefer to avoid any CGLIB-imposed limitations,
consider declaring your |
1.12.5. Composing Java-based configurations
Using the @Import annotation
Much
as the <import/>
element
is used within Spring XML files to aid in modularizing
configurations, the @Import
annotation
allows for loading @Bean
definitions
from another configuration class:
@Configuration
public class ConfigA {
@Bean
public A a() {
return new A();
}
}
@Configuration
@Import(ConfigA.class)
public class ConfigB {
@Bean
public B b() {
return new B();
}
}
Now,
rather than needing to specify both ConfigA.class
and ConfigB.class
when
instantiating the context, only ConfigB
needs
to be supplied explicitly:
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ConfigB.class);
// now both beans A and B will be available...
A a = ctx.getBean(A.class);
B b = ctx.getBean(B.class);
}
This
approach simplifies container instantiation, as only one
class needs to be dealt with, rather than requiring the
developer to remember a potentially large number of @Configuration
classes
during construction.
As
of Spring Framework 4.2, |
Injecting dependencies on imported @Bean definitions
The
example above works, but is simplistic. In most practical
scenarios, beans will have dependencies on one another
across configuration classes. When using XML, this is not
an issue, per se, because there is no compiler involved,
and one can simply declare ref="someBean"
and
trust that Spring will work it out during container
initialization. Of course, when using @Configuration
classes,
the Java compiler places constraints on the configuration
model, in that references to other beans must be valid
Java syntax.
Fortunately,
solving this problem is simple. As we
already discussed, @Bean
method
can have an arbitrary number of parameters describing the
bean dependencies. Let’s consider a more real-world
scenario with several @Configuration
classes,
each depending on beans declared in the others:
@Configuration
public class ServiceConfig {
@Bean
public TransferService transferService(AccountRepository accountRepository) {
return new TransferServiceImpl(accountRepository);
}
}
@Configuration
public class RepositoryConfig {
@Bean
public AccountRepository accountRepository(DataSource dataSource) {
return new JdbcAccountRepository(dataSource);
}
}
@Configuration
@Import({ServiceConfig.class, RepositoryConfig.class})
public class SystemTestConfig {
@Bean
public DataSource dataSource() {
// return new DataSource
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SystemTestConfig.class);
// everything wires up across configuration classes...
TransferService transferService = ctx.getBean(TransferService.class);
transferService.transfer(100.00, "A123", "C456");
}
There
is another way to achieve the same result. Remember that @Configuration
classes
are ultimately just another bean in the container: This
means that they can take advantage of @Autowired
and @Value
injection
etc just like any other bean!
Make
sure that the dependencies you inject that way
are of the simplest kind only. Also,
be particularly careful with |
@Configuration
public class ServiceConfig {
@Autowired
private AccountRepository accountRepository;
@Bean
public TransferService transferService() {
return new TransferServiceImpl(accountRepository);
}
}
@Configuration
public class RepositoryConfig {
private final DataSource dataSource;
@Autowired
public RepositoryConfig(DataSource dataSource) {
this.dataSource = dataSource;
}
@Bean
public AccountRepository accountRepository() {
return new JdbcAccountRepository(dataSource);
}
}
@Configuration
@Import({ServiceConfig.class, RepositoryConfig.class})
public class SystemTestConfig {
@Bean
public DataSource dataSource() {
// return new DataSource
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SystemTestConfig.class);
// everything wires up across configuration classes...
TransferService transferService = ctx.getBean(TransferService.class);
transferService.transfer(100.00, "A123", "C456");
}
Constructor
injection in |
In
the scenario above, using @Autowired
works
well and provides the desired modularity, but
determining exactly where the autowired bean
definitions are declared is still somewhat ambiguous.
For example, as a developer looking at ServiceConfig
,
how do you know exactly where the @Autowired
AccountRepository
bean is
declared? It’s not explicit in the code, and this may
be just fine. Remember that the Spring
Tool Suite provides tooling
that can render graphs showing how everything is wired
up - that may be all you need. Also, your Java IDE can
easily find all declarations and uses of the AccountRepository
type,
and will quickly show you the location of @Bean
methods
that return that type.
In
cases where this ambiguity is not acceptable and you
wish to have direct navigation from within your IDE
from one @Configuration
class
to another, consider autowiring the configuration
classes themselves:
@Configuration
public class ServiceConfig {
@Autowired
private RepositoryConfig repositoryConfig;
@Bean
public TransferService transferService() {
// navigate 'through' the config class to the @Bean method!
return new TransferServiceImpl(repositoryConfig.accountRepository());
}
}
In
the situation above, it is completely explicit where AccountRepository
is
defined. However, ServiceConfig
is
now tightly coupled to RepositoryConfig
;
that’s the tradeoff. This tight coupling can be
somewhat mitigated by using interface-based or
abstract class-based @Configuration
classes.
Consider the following:
@Configuration
public class ServiceConfig {
@Autowired
private RepositoryConfig repositoryConfig;
@Bean
public TransferService transferService() {
return new TransferServiceImpl(repositoryConfig.accountRepository());
}
}
@Configuration
public interface RepositoryConfig {
@Bean
AccountRepository accountRepository();
}
@Configuration
public class DefaultRepositoryConfig implements RepositoryConfig {
@Bean
public AccountRepository accountRepository() {
return new JdbcAccountRepository(...);
}
}
@Configuration
@Import({ServiceConfig.class, DefaultRepositoryConfig.class}) // import the concrete config!
public class SystemTestConfig {
@Bean
public DataSource dataSource() {
// return DataSource
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SystemTestConfig.class);
TransferService transferService = ctx.getBean(TransferService.class);
transferService.transfer(100.00, "A123", "C456");
}
Now ServiceConfig
is
loosely coupled with respect to the concrete DefaultRepositoryConfig
,
and built-in IDE tooling is still useful: it will be
easy for the developer to get a type hierarchy of RepositoryConfig
implementations.
In this way, navigating @Configuration
classes
and their dependencies becomes no different than the
usual process of navigating interface-based code.
If
you would like to influence the startup creation
order of certain beans, consider declaring some
of them as |
Conditionally include @Configuration classes or @Bean methods
It
is often useful to conditionally enable or disable a
complete @Configuration
class,
or even individual @Bean
methods,
based on some arbitrary system state. One common example of
this is to use the @Profile
annotation
to activate beans only when a specific profile has been
enabled in the Spring Environment
(see Bean
definition profiles for details).
The @Profile
annotation
is actually implemented using a much more flexible
annotation called @Conditional
.
The @Conditional
annotation
indicates specific org.springframework.context.annotation.Condition
implementations
that should be consulted before a @Bean
is
registered.
Implementations
of the Condition
interface
simply provide a matches(…
)
method that returns true
or false
.
For example, here is the actual Condition
implementation
used for @Profile
:
@Override
public boolean matches(ConditionContext context, AnnotatedTypeMetadata metadata) {
if (context.getEnvironment() != null) {
// Read the @Profile annotation attributes
MultiValueMap<String, Object> attrs = metadata.getAllAnnotationAttributes(Profile.class.getName());
if (attrs != null) {
for (Object value : attrs.get("value")) {
if (context.getEnvironment().acceptsProfiles(((String[]) value))) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
See
the @Conditional
javadocs for
more detail.
Combining Java and XML configuration
Spring’s @Configuration
class
support does not aim to be a 100% complete replacement for
Spring XML. Some facilities such as Spring XML namespaces
remain an ideal way to configure the container. In cases
where XML is convenient or necessary, you have a choice:
either instantiate the container in an "XML-centric" way
using, for example, ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
,
or in a "Java-centric" fashion using AnnotationConfigApplicationContext
and
the @ImportResource
annotation
to import XML as needed.
XML-centric use of @Configuration classes
It
may be preferable to bootstrap the Spring container from
XML and include @Configuration
classes
in an ad-hoc fashion. For example, in a large existing
codebase that uses Spring XML, it will be easier to create @Configuration
classes
on an as-needed basis and include them from the existing
XML files. Below you’ll find the options for using @Configuration
classes
in this kind of "XML-centric" situation.
Remember
that @Configuration
classes
are ultimately just bean definitions in the container.
In this example, we create a @Configuration
class
named AppConfig
and
include it within system-test-config.xml
as
a <bean/>
definition.
Because<context:annotation-config/>
is
switched on, the container will recognize the @Configuration
annotation
and process the @Bean
methods
declared in AppConfig
properly.
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Autowired
private DataSource dataSource;
@Bean
public AccountRepository accountRepository() {
return new JdbcAccountRepository(dataSource);
}
@Bean
public TransferService transferService() {
return new TransferService(accountRepository());
}
}
system-test-config.xml:
<beans>
<!-- enable processing of annotations such as @Autowired and @Configuration -->
<context:annotation-config/>
<context:property-placeholder location="classpath:/com/acme/jdbc.properties"/>
<bean class="com.acme.AppConfig"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${jdbc.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/>
</bean>
</beans>
jdbc.properties:
jdbc.url=jdbc:hsqldb:hsql://localhost/xdb jdbc.username=sa jdbc.password=
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("classpath:/com/acme/system-test-config.xml");
TransferService transferService = ctx.getBean(TransferService.class);
// ...
}
In |
Because @Configuration
is
meta-annotated with @Component
, @Configuration
-annotated
classes are automatically candidates for component
scanning. Using the same scenario as above, we can
redefine system-test-config.xml
to
take advantage of component-scanning. Note that in
this case, we don’t need to explicitly declare <context:annotation-config/>
,
because <context:component-scan/>
enables
the same functionality.
system-test-config.xml:
<beans>
<!-- picks up and registers AppConfig as a bean definition -->
<context:component-scan base-package="com.acme"/>
<context:property-placeholder location="classpath:/com/acme/jdbc.properties"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${jdbc.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/>
</bean>
</beans>
@Configuration class-centric use of XML with @ImportResource
In
applications where @Configuration
classes
are the primary mechanism for configuring the container,
it will still likely be necessary to use at least some
XML. In these scenarios, simply use @ImportResource
and
define only as much XML as is needed. Doing so achieves a
"Java-centric" approach to configuring the container and
keeps XML to a bare minimum.
@Configuration
@ImportResource("classpath:/com/acme/properties-config.xml")
public class AppConfig {
@Value("${jdbc.url}")
private String url;
@Value("${jdbc.username}")
private String username;
@Value("${jdbc.password}")
private String password;
@Bean
public DataSource dataSource() {
return new DriverManagerDataSource(url, username, password);
}
}
properties-config.xml
<beans>
<context:property-placeholder location="classpath:/com/acme/jdbc.properties"/>
</beans>
jdbc.properties jdbc.url=jdbc:hsqldb:hsql://localhost/xdb jdbc.username=sa jdbc.password=
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(AppConfig.class);
TransferService transferService = ctx.getBean(TransferService.class);
// ...
}
1.13. Environment abstraction
The Environment
is
an abstraction integrated in the container that models two key
aspects of the application environment: profiles and properties.
A profile is
a named, logical group of bean definitions to be registered with
the container only if the given profile is active. Beans may be
assigned to a profile whether defined in XML or via annotations.
The role of the Environment
object
with relation to profiles is in determining which profiles (if
any) are currently active, and which profiles (if any) should be
active by default.
Properties
play an important role in almost all applications, and may
originate from a variety of sources: properties files, JVM
system properties, system environment variables, JNDI, servlet
context parameters, ad-hoc Properties objects, Maps, and so on.
The role of the Environment
object
with relation to properties is to provide the user with a
convenient service interface for configuring property sources
and resolving properties from them.
1.13.1. Bean definition profiles
Bean definition profiles is a mechanism in the core container that allows for registration of different beans in different environments. The word environment can mean different things to different users and this feature can help with many use cases, including:
-
working against an in-memory datasource in development vs looking up that same datasource from JNDI when in QA or production
-
registering monitoring infrastructure only when deploying an application into a performance environment
-
registering customized implementations of beans for customer A vs. customer B deployments
Let’s
consider the first use case in a practical application that
requires a DataSource
.
In a test environment, the configuration may look like this:
@Bean
public DataSource dataSource() {
return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
.setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.HSQL)
.addScript("my-schema.sql")
.addScript("my-test-data.sql")
.build();
}
Let’s
now consider how this application will be deployed into a QA
or production environment, assuming that the datasource for
the application will be registered with the production
application server’s JNDI directory. Our dataSource
bean
now looks like this:
@Bean(destroyMethod="")
public DataSource dataSource() throws Exception {
Context ctx = new InitialContext();
return (DataSource) ctx.lookup("java:comp/env/jdbc/datasource");
}
The
problem is how to switch between using these two variations
based on the current environment. Over time, Spring users have
devised a number of ways to get this done, usually relying on
a combination of system environment variables and XML <import/>
statements
containing ${placeholder}
tokens
that resolve to the correct configuration file path depending
on the value of an environment variable. Bean definition
profiles is a core container feature that provides a solution
to this problem.
If we generalize the example use case above of environment-specific bean definitions, we end up with the need to register certain bean definitions in certain contexts, while not in others. You could say that you want to register a certain profile of bean definitions in situation A, and a different profile in situation B. Let’s first see how we can update our configuration to reflect this need.
@Profile
The @Profile
annotation
allows you to indicate that a component is eligible for
registration when one or more specified profiles are active.
Using our example above, we can rewrite the dataSource
configuration
as follows:
@Configuration
@Profile("development")
public class StandaloneDataConfig {
@Bean
public DataSource dataSource() {
return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
.setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.HSQL)
.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql")
.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/test-data.sql")
.build();
}
}
@Configuration
@Profile("production")
public class JndiDataConfig {
@Bean(destroyMethod="")
public DataSource dataSource() throws Exception {
Context ctx = new InitialContext();
return (DataSource) ctx.lookup("java:comp/env/jdbc/datasource");
}
}
As
mentioned before, with |
@Profile
can
be used as a meta-annotation for
the purpose of creating a custom composed
annotation. The following example defines a custom @Production
annotation
that can be used as a drop-in replacement for @Profile("production")
:
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Profile("production")
public @interface Production {
}
If
a |
@Profile
can
also be declared at the method level to include only one
particular bean of a configuration class, e.g. for
alternative variants of a particular bean:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean("dataSource")
@Profile("development")
public DataSource standaloneDataSource() {
return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
.setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.HSQL)
.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql")
.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/test-data.sql")
.build();
}
@Bean("dataSource")
@Profile("production")
public DataSource jndiDataSource() throws Exception {
Context ctx = new InitialContext();
return (DataSource) ctx.lookup("java:comp/env/jdbc/datasource");
}
}
With If
you would like to define alternative beans with
different profile conditions, use distinct Java
method names pointing to the same bean name via
the |
XML bean definition profiles
The
XML counterpart is the profile
attribute
of the <beans>
element.
Our sample configuration above can be rewritten in two XML
files as follows:
<beans profile="development"
xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"
xsi:schemaLocation="...">
<jdbc:embedded-database id="dataSource">
<jdbc:script location="classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql"/>
<jdbc:script location="classpath:com/bank/config/sql/test-data.sql"/>
</jdbc:embedded-database>
</beans>
<beans profile="production"
xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee"
xsi:schemaLocation="...">
<jee:jndi-lookup id="dataSource" jndi-name="java:comp/env/jdbc/datasource"/>
</beans>
It
is also possible to avoid that split and nest <beans/>
elements
within the same file:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"
xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee"
xsi:schemaLocation="...">
<!-- other bean definitions -->
<beans profile="development">
<jdbc:embedded-database id="dataSource">
<jdbc:script location="classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql"/>
<jdbc:script location="classpath:com/bank/config/sql/test-data.sql"/>
</jdbc:embedded-database>
</beans>
<beans profile="production">
<jee:jndi-lookup id="dataSource" jndi-name="java:comp/env/jdbc/datasource"/>
</beans>
</beans>
The spring-bean.xsd
has
been constrained to allow such elements only as the last
ones in the file. This should help provide flexibility
without incurring clutter in the XML files.
Activating a profile
Now
that we have updated our configuration, we still need to
instruct Spring which profile is active. If we started our
sample application right now, we would see a NoSuchBeanDefinitionException
thrown,
because the container could not find the Spring bean named dataSource
.
Activating
a profile can be done in several ways, but the most
straightforward is to do it programmatically against the Environment
API
which is available via an ApplicationContext
:
AnnotationConfigApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
ctx.getEnvironment().setActiveProfiles("development");
ctx.register(SomeConfig.class, StandaloneDataConfig.class, JndiDataConfig.class);
ctx.refresh();
In
addition, profiles may also be activated declaratively
through the spring.profiles.active
property
which may be specified through system environment variables,
JVM system properties, servlet context parameters in web.xml
,
or even as an entry in JNDI (see PropertySource
abstraction). In integration tests, active profiles
can be declared via the @ActiveProfiles
annotation
in the spring-test
module
(see Context
configuration with environment profiles).
Note
that profiles are not an "either-or" proposition; it is
possible to activate multiple profiles at once.
Programmatically, simply provide multiple profile names to
the setActiveProfiles()
method,
which accepts String…
varargs:
ctx.getEnvironment().setActiveProfiles("profile1", "profile2");
Declaratively, spring.profiles.active
may
accept a comma-separated list of profile names:
-Dspring.profiles.active="profile1,profile2"
Default profile
The default profile represents the profile that is enabled by default. Consider the following:
@Configuration
@Profile("default")
public class DefaultDataConfig {
@Bean
public DataSource dataSource() {
return new EmbeddedDatabaseBuilder()
.setType(EmbeddedDatabaseType.HSQL)
.addScript("classpath:com/bank/config/sql/schema.sql")
.build();
}
}
If
no profile is active, the dataSource
above
will be created; this can be seen as a way to provide a default definition
for one or more beans. If any profile is enabled, the default profile
will not apply.
The
name of the default profile can be changed using setDefaultProfiles()
on
the Environment
or
declaratively using the spring.profiles.default
property.
1.13.2. PropertySource abstraction
Spring’s Environment
abstraction
provides search operations over a configurable hierarchy of
property sources. To explain fully, consider the following:
ApplicationContext ctx = new GenericApplicationContext();
Environment env = ctx.getEnvironment();
boolean containsFoo = env.containsProperty("foo");
System.out.println("Does my environment contain the 'foo' property? " + containsFoo);
In
the snippet above, we see a high-level way of asking Spring
whether the foo
property
is defined for the current environment. To answer this
question, the Environment
object
performs a search over a set of PropertySource
objects.
A PropertySource
is
a simple abstraction over any source of key-value pairs, and
Spring’s StandardEnvironment
is
configured with two PropertySource objects — one representing
the set of JVM system properties (a
la System.getProperties()
)
and one representing the set of system environment variables (a
la System.getenv()
).
These
default property sources are present for |
Concretely,
when using the StandardEnvironment
,
the call to env.containsProperty("foo")
will
return true if a foo
system
property or foo
environment
variable is present at runtime.
The
search performed is hierarchical. By default, system
properties have precedence over environment
variables, so if the For
a common
|
Most
importantly, the entire mechanism is configurable. Perhaps you
have a custom source of properties that you’d like to
integrate into this search. No problem — simply implement and
instantiate your own PropertySource
and
add it to the set of PropertySources
for
the current Environment
:
ConfigurableApplicationContext ctx = new GenericApplicationContext();
MutablePropertySources sources = ctx.getEnvironment().getPropertySources();
sources.addFirst(new MyPropertySource());
In
the code above, MyPropertySource
has
been added with highest precedence in the search. If it
contains a foo
property,
it will be detected and returned ahead of any foo
property
in any other PropertySource
.
The MutablePropertySources
API
exposes a number of methods that allow for precise
manipulation of the set of property sources.
1.13.3. @PropertySource
The @PropertySource
annotation
provides a convenient and declarative mechanism for adding a PropertySource
to
Spring’s Environment
.
Given
a file "app.properties" containing the key/value pair testbean.name=myTestBean
,
the following @Configuration
class
uses @PropertySource
in
such a way that a call to testBean.getName()
will
return "myTestBean".
@Configuration
@PropertySource("classpath:/com/myco/app.properties")
public class AppConfig {
@Autowired
Environment env;
@Bean
public TestBean testBean() {
TestBean testBean = new TestBean();
testBean.setName(env.getProperty("testbean.name"));
return testBean;
}
}
Any ${…
}
placeholders present in a @PropertySource
resource
location will be resolved against the set of property sources
already registered against the environment. For example:
@Configuration
@PropertySource("classpath:/com/${my.placeholder:default/path}/app.properties")
public class AppConfig {
@Autowired
Environment env;
@Bean
public TestBean testBean() {
TestBean testBean = new TestBean();
testBean.setName(env.getProperty("testbean.name"));
return testBean;
}
}
Assuming
that "my.placeholder" is present in one of the property
sources already registered, e.g. system properties or
environment variables, the placeholder will be resolved to the
corresponding value. If not, then "default/path" will be used
as a default. If no default is specified and a property cannot
be resolved, an IllegalArgumentException
will
be thrown.
The |
1.13.4. Placeholder resolution in statements
Historically, the value of placeholders in elements could be resolved only against JVM system properties or environment variables. No longer is this the case. Because the Environment abstraction is integrated throughout the container, it’s easy to route resolution of placeholders through it. This means that you may configure the resolution process in any way you like: change the precedence of searching through system properties and environment variables, or remove them entirely; add your own property sources to the mix as appropriate.
Concretely,
the following statement works regardless of where the customer
property
is defined, as long as it is available in the Environment
:
<beans>
<import resource="com/bank/service/${customer}-config.xml"/>
</beans>
1.14. Registering a LoadTimeWeaver
The LoadTimeWeaver
is
used by Spring to dynamically transform classes as they are
loaded into the Java virtual machine (JVM).
To
enable load-time weaving add the @EnableLoadTimeWeaving
to
one of your @Configuration
classes:
@Configuration
@EnableLoadTimeWeaving
public class AppConfig {
}
Alternatively
for XML configuration use the context:load-time-weaver
element:
<beans>
<context:load-time-weaver/>
</beans>
Once
configured for the ApplicationContext
.
Any bean within that ApplicationContext
may
implement LoadTimeWeaverAware
,
thereby receiving a reference to the load-time weaver instance.
This is particularly useful in combination with Spring’s
JPA support where load-time weaving may
be necessary for JPA class transformation. Consult the LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean
javadocs
for more detail. For more on AspectJ load-time weaving, see Load-time
weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework.
1.15. Additional capabilities of the ApplicationContext
As
was discussed in the chapter introduction, the org.springframework.beans.factory
package
provides basic functionality for managing and manipulating
beans, including in a programmatic way. The org.springframework.context
package
adds the ApplicationContext
interface,
which extends the BeanFactory
interface,
in addition to extending other interfaces to provide additional
functionality in a more application
framework-oriented style. Many people use the ApplicationContext
in
a completely declarative fashion, not even creating it
programmatically, but instead relying on support classes such as ContextLoader
to
automatically instantiate an ApplicationContext
as
part of the normal startup process of a Java EE web application.
To
enhance BeanFactory
functionality
in a more framework-oriented style the context package also
provides the following functionality:
-
Access to messages in i18n-style, through the
MessageSource
interface. -
Access to resources, such as URLs and files, through the
ResourceLoader
interface. -
Event publication to namely beans implementing the
ApplicationListener
interface, through the use of theApplicationEventPublisher
interface. -
Loading of multiple (hierarchical) contexts, allowing each to be focused on one particular layer, such as the web layer of an application, through the
HierarchicalBeanFactory
interface.
1.15.1. Internationalization using MessageSource
The ApplicationContext
interface
extends an interface called MessageSource
,
and therefore provides internationalization (i18n)
functionality. Spring also provides the interface HierarchicalMessageSource
,
which can resolve messages hierarchically. Together these
interfaces provide the foundation upon which Spring effects
message resolution. The methods defined on these interfaces
include:
-
String getMessage(String code, Object[] args, String default, Locale loc)
: The basic method used to retrieve a message from theMessageSource
. When no message is found for the specified locale, the default message is used. Any arguments passed in become replacement values, using theMessageFormat
functionality provided by the standard library. -
String getMessage(String code, Object[] args, Locale loc)
: Essentially the same as the previous method, but with one difference: no default message can be specified; if the message cannot be found, aNoSuchMessageException
is thrown. -
String getMessage(MessageSourceResolvable resolvable, Locale locale)
: All properties used in the preceding methods are also wrapped in a class namedMessageSourceResolvable
, which you can use with this method.
When
an ApplicationContext
is
loaded, it automatically searches for a MessageSource
bean
defined in the context. The bean must have the name messageSource
.
If such a bean is found, all calls to the preceding methods
are delegated to the message source. If no message source is
found, the ApplicationContext
attempts
to find a parent containing a bean with the same name. If it
does, it uses that bean as the MessageSource
.
If the ApplicationContext
cannot
find any source for messages, an empty DelegatingMessageSource
is
instantiated in order to be able to accept calls to the
methods defined above.
Spring
provides two MessageSource
implementations, ResourceBundleMessageSource
and StaticMessageSource
.
Both implement HierarchicalMessageSource
in
order to do nested messaging. The StaticMessageSource
is
rarely used but provides programmatic ways to add messages to
the source. The ResourceBundleMessageSource
is
shown in the following example:
<beans>
<bean id="messageSource"
class="org.springframework.context.support.ResourceBundleMessageSource">
<property name="basenames">
<list>
<value>format</value>
<value>exceptions</value>
<value>windows</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
</beans>
In
the example it is assumed you have three resource bundles
defined in your classpath called format
, exceptions
and windows
.
Any request to resolve a message will be handled in the JDK
standard way of resolving messages through ResourceBundles.
For the purposes of the example, assume the contents of two of
the above resource bundle files are…
# in format.properties
message=Alligators rock!
# in exceptions.properties
argument.required=The {0} argument is required.
A
program to execute the MessageSource
functionality
is shown in the next example. Remember that all ApplicationContext
implementations
are also MessageSource
implementations
and so can be cast to the MessageSource
interface.
public static void main(String[] args) {
MessageSource resources = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
String message = resources.getMessage("message", null, "Default", null);
System.out.println(message);
}
The resulting output from the above program will be…
Alligators rock!
So
to summarize, the MessageSource
is
defined in a file called beans.xml
,
which exists at the root of your classpath. The messageSource
bean
definition refers to a number of resource bundles through its basenames
property.
The three files that are passed in the list to the basenames
property
exist as files at the root of your classpath and are called format.properties
, exceptions.properties
,
and windows.properties
respectively.
The next example shows arguments passed to the message lookup; these arguments will be converted into Strings and inserted into placeholders in the lookup message.
<beans>
<!-- this MessageSource is being used in a web application -->
<bean id="messageSource" class="org.springframework.context.support.ResourceBundleMessageSource">
<property name="basename" value="exceptions"/>
</bean>
<!-- lets inject the above MessageSource into this POJO -->
<bean id="example" class="com.foo.Example">
<property name="messages" ref="messageSource"/>
</bean>
</beans>
public class Example {
private MessageSource messages;
public void setMessages(MessageSource messages) {
this.messages = messages;
}
public void execute() {
String message = this.messages.getMessage("argument.required",
new Object [] {"userDao"}, "Required", null);
System.out.println(message);
}
}
The
resulting output from the invocation of the execute()
method
will be…
The userDao argument is required.
With
regard to internationalization (i18n), Spring’s various MessageSource
implementations
follow the same locale resolution and fallback rules as the
standard JDK ResourceBundle
.
In short, and continuing with the example messageSource
defined
previously, if you want to resolve messages against the
British (en-GB
)
locale, you would create files called format_en_GB.properties
, exceptions_en_GB.properties
,
and windows_en_GB.properties
respectively.
Typically, locale resolution is managed by the surrounding environment of the application. In this example, the locale against which (British) messages will be resolved is specified manually.
# in exceptions_en_GB.properties argument.required=Ebagum lad, the {0} argument is required, I say, required.
public static void main(final String[] args) {
MessageSource resources = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
String message = resources.getMessage("argument.required",
new Object [] {"userDao"}, "Required", Locale.UK);
System.out.println(message);
}
The resulting output from the running of the above program will be…
Ebagum lad, the 'userDao' argument is required, I say, required.
You
can also use the MessageSourceAware
interface
to acquire a reference to any MessageSource
that
has been defined. Any bean that is defined in an ApplicationContext
that
implements the MessageSourceAware
interface
is injected with the application context’s MessageSource
when
the bean is created and configured.
As
an alternative to |
1.15.2. Standard and custom events
Event
handling in the ApplicationContext
is
provided through the ApplicationEvent
class
and ApplicationListener
interface.
If a bean that implements the ApplicationListener
interface
is deployed into the context, every time anApplicationEvent
gets
published to the ApplicationContext
,
that bean is notified. Essentially, this is the standard Observerdesign
pattern.
As
of Spring 4.2, the event infrastructure has been
significantly improved and offer an annotation-based
modelas well as the ability to publish any
arbitrary event, that is an object that does not
necessarily extend from |
Spring provides the following standard events:
Event | Explanation |
---|---|
|
Published
when the |
|
Published
when the |
|
Published
when the |
|
Published
when the |
|
A
web-specific event telling all beans that an HTTP
request has been serviced. This event is published after the
request is complete. This event is only applicable to
web applications using Spring’s |
You
can also create and publish your own custom events. This
example demonstrates a simple class that extends Spring’s ApplicationEvent
base
class:
public class BlackListEvent extends ApplicationEvent {
private final String address;
private final String test;
public BlackListEvent(Object source, String address, String test) {
super(source);
this.address = address;
this.test = test;
}
// accessor and other methods...
}
To
publish a custom ApplicationEvent
,
call the publishEvent()
method
on an ApplicationEventPublisher
.
Typically this is done by creating a class that implements ApplicationEventPublisherAware
and
registering it as a Spring bean. The following example
demonstrates such a class:
public class EmailService implements ApplicationEventPublisherAware {
private List<String> blackList;
private ApplicationEventPublisher publisher;
public void setBlackList(List<String> blackList) {
this.blackList = blackList;
}
public void setApplicationEventPublisher(ApplicationEventPublisher publisher) {
this.publisher = publisher;
}
public void sendEmail(String address, String text) {
if (blackList.contains(address)) {
BlackListEvent event = new BlackListEvent(this, address, text);
publisher.publishEvent(event);
return;
}
// send email...
}
}
At
configuration time, the Spring container will detect that EmailService
implements ApplicationEventPublisherAware
and
will automatically call setApplicationEventPublisher()
.
In reality, the parameter passed in will be the Spring
container itself; you’re simply interacting with the
application context via its ApplicationEventPublisher
interface.
To
receive the custom ApplicationEvent
,
create a class that implements ApplicationListener
and
register it as a Spring bean. The following example
demonstrates such a class:
public class BlackListNotifier implements ApplicationListener<BlackListEvent> {
private String notificationAddress;
public void setNotificationAddress(String notificationAddress) {
this.notificationAddress = notificationAddress;
}
public void onApplicationEvent(BlackListEvent event) {
// notify appropriate parties via notificationAddress...
}
}
Notice
that ApplicationListener
is
generically parameterized with the type of your custom event, BlackListEvent
.
This means that the onApplicationEvent()
method
can remain type-safe, avoiding any need for downcasting. You
may register as many event listeners as you wish, but note
that by default event listeners receive events synchronously.
This means the publishEvent()
method
blocks until all listeners have finished processing the event.
One advantage of this synchronous and single-threaded approach
is that when a listener receives an event, it operates inside
the transaction context of the publisher if a transaction
context is available. If another strategy for event
publication becomes necessary, refer to the javadoc for
Spring’sApplicationEventMulticaster
interface.
The following example shows the bean definitions used to register and configure each of the classes above:
<bean id="emailService" class="example.EmailService">
<property name="blackList">
<list>
<value>known.spammer@example.org</value>
<value>known.hacker@example.org</value>
<value>john.doe@example.org</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="blackListNotifier" class="example.BlackListNotifier">
<property name="notificationAddress" value="blacklist@example.org"/>
</bean>
Putting
it all together, when the sendEmail()
method
of the emailService
bean
is called, if there are any emails that should be blacklisted,
a custom event of type BlackListEvent
is
published. The blackListNotifier
bean
is registered as anApplicationListener
and
thus receives the BlackListEvent
,
at which point it can notify appropriate parties.
Spring’s eventing mechanism is designed for simple communication between Spring beans within the same application context. However, for more sophisticated enterprise integration needs, the separately-maintainedSpring Integration project provides complete support for building lightweight, pattern-oriented, event-driven architectures that build upon the well-known Spring programming model. |
Annotation-based event listeners
As
of Spring 4.2, an event listener can be registered on any
public method of a managed bean via the EventListener
annotation.
The BlackListNotifier
can
be rewritten as follows:
public class BlackListNotifier {
private String notificationAddress;
public void setNotificationAddress(String notificationAddress) {
this.notificationAddress = notificationAddress;
}
@EventListener
public void processBlackListEvent(BlackListEvent event) {
// notify appropriate parties via notificationAddress...
}
}
As you can see above, the method signature once again declares the event type it listens to, but this time with a flexible name and without implementing a specific listener interface. The event type can also be narrowed through generics as long as the actual event type resolves your generic parameter in its implementation hierarchy.
If your method should listen to several events or if you want to define it with no parameter at all, the event type(s) can also be specified on the annotation itself:
@EventListener({ContextStartedEvent.class, ContextRefreshedEvent.class})
public void handleContextStart() {
...
}
It
is also possible to add additional runtime filtering via the condition
attribute
of the annotation that defines a SpEL
expression that
should match to actually invoke the method for a particular
event.
For
instance, our notifier can be rewritten to be only invoked
if the test
attribute
of the event is equal to foo
:
@EventListener(condition = "#blEvent.test == 'foo'")
public void processBlackListEvent(BlackListEvent blEvent) {
// notify appropriate parties via notificationAddress...
}
Each SpEL
expression
evaluates again a dedicated context. The next table lists
the items made available to the context so one can use them
for conditional event processing:
Name | Location | Description | Example |
---|---|---|---|
Event |
root object |
The
actual |
|
Arguments array |
root object |
The arguments (as array) used for invoking the target |
|
Argument name |
evaluation context |
Name
of any of the method arguments. If for some reason the
names are not available (e.g. no debug information),
the argument names are also available under the |
|
Note
that #root.event
allows
you to access to the underlying event, even if your method
signature actually refers to an arbitrary object that was
published.
If you need to publish an event as the result of processing another, just change the method signature to return the event that should be published, something like:
@EventListener
public ListUpdateEvent handleBlackListEvent(BlackListEvent event) {
// notify appropriate parties via notificationAddress and
// then publish a ListUpdateEvent...
}
This feature is not supported for asynchronous listeners. |
This
new method will publish a new ListUpdateEvent
for
every BlackListEvent
handled
by the method above. If you need to publish several events,
just return a Collection
of
events instead.
Asynchronous Listeners
If
you want a particular listener to process events
asynchronously, simply reuse the regular @Async
support:
@EventListener
@Async
public void processBlackListEvent(BlackListEvent event) {
// BlackListEvent is processed in a separate thread
}
Be aware of the following limitations when using asynchronous events:
-
If the event listener throws an
Exception
it will not be propagated to the caller, checkAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler
for more details. -
Such event listener cannot send replies. If you need to send another event as the result of the processing, inject
ApplicationEventPublisher
to send the event manually.
Ordering listeners
If
you need the listener to be invoked before another one, just
add the @Order
annotation
to the method declaration:
@EventListener
@Order(42)
public void processBlackListEvent(BlackListEvent event) {
// notify appropriate parties via notificationAddress...
}
Generic events
You
may also use generics to further define the structure of
your event. Consider an EntityCreatedEvent<T>
where T
is
the type of the actual entity that got created. You can
create the following listener definition to only receive EntityCreatedEvent
for
a Person
:
@EventListener
public void onPersonCreated(EntityCreatedEvent<Person> event) {
...
}
Due
to type erasure, this will only work if the event that is
fired resolves the generic parameter(s) on which the event
listener filters on (that is something like class
PersonCreatedEvent extends
EntityCreatedEvent<Person> { … }
).
In
certain circumstances, this may become quite tedious if all
events follow the same structure (as it should be the case
for the event above). In such a case, you can implement ResolvableTypeProvider
to guide the
framework beyond what the runtime environment provides:
public class EntityCreatedEvent<T>
extends ApplicationEvent implements ResolvableTypeProvider {
public EntityCreatedEvent(T entity) {
super(entity);
}
@Override
public ResolvableType getResolvableType() {
return ResolvableType.forClassWithGenerics(getClass(),
ResolvableType.forInstance(getSource()));
}
}
This
works not only for |
1.15.3. Convenient access to low-level resources
For
optimal usage and understanding of application contexts, users
should generally familiarize themselves with Spring’s Resource
abstraction,
as described in the chapter Resources.
An
application context is a ResourceLoader
,
which can be used to load Resource
s.
A Resource
is
essentially a more feature rich version of the JDK class java.net.URL
,
in fact, the implementations of the Resource
wrap
an instance of java.net.URL
where
appropriate. A Resource
can
obtain low-level resources from almost any location in a
transparent fashion, including from the classpath, a
filesystem location, anywhere describable with a standard URL,
and some other variations. If the resource location string is
a simple path without any special prefixes, where those
resources come from is specific and appropriate to the actual
application context type.
You
can configure a bean deployed into the application context to
implement the special callback interface, ResourceLoaderAware
,
to be automatically called back at initialization time with
the application context itself passed in as theResourceLoader
.
You can also expose properties of type Resource
,
to be used to access static resources; they will be injected
into it like any other properties. You can specify those Resource
properties
as simple String paths, and rely on a special JavaBean PropertyEditor
that
is automatically registered by the context, to convert those
text strings to actual Resource
objects
when the bean is deployed.
The
location path or paths supplied to an ApplicationContext
constructor
are actually resource strings, and in simple form are treated
appropriately to the specific context implementation. ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
treats
a simple location path as a classpath location. You can also
use location paths (resource strings) with special prefixes to
force loading of definitions from the classpath or a URL,
regardless of the actual context type.
1.15.4. Convenient ApplicationContext instantiation for web applications
You
can create ApplicationContext
instances
declaratively by using, for example, a ContextLoader
.
Of course you can also create ApplicationContext
instances
programmatically by using one of the ApplicationContext
implementations.
You
can register an ApplicationContext
using
the ContextLoaderListener
as
follows:
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/daoContext.xml /WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
</listener>
The
listener inspects the contextConfigLocation
parameter.
If the parameter does not exist, the listener uses /WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml
as
a default. When the parameter does exist,
the listener separates the String by using predefined
delimiters (comma, semicolon and whitespace) and uses the
values as locations where application contexts will be
searched. Ant-style path patterns are supported as well.
Examples are /WEB-INF/*Context.xml
for
all files with names ending with "Context.xml", residing in
the "WEB-INF" directory, and /WEB-INF/**/*Context.xml
,
for all such files in any subdirectory of "WEB-INF".
1.15.5. Deploying a Spring ApplicationContext as a Java EE RAR file
It is possible to deploy a Spring ApplicationContext as a RAR file, encapsulating the context and all of its required bean classes and library JARs in a Java EE RAR deployment unit. This is the equivalent of bootstrapping a standalone ApplicationContext, just hosted in Java EE environment, being able to access the Java EE servers facilities. RAR deployment is more natural alternative to scenario of deploying a headless WAR file, in effect, a WAR file without any HTTP entry points that is used only for bootstrapping a Spring ApplicationContext in a Java EE environment.
RAR
deployment is ideal for application contexts that do not need
HTTP entry points but rather consist only of message endpoints
and scheduled jobs. Beans in such a context can use
application server resources such as the JTA transaction
manager and JNDI-bound JDBC DataSources and JMS
ConnectionFactory instances, and may also register with the
platform’s JMX server - all through Spring’s standard
transaction management and JNDI and JMX support facilities.
Application components can also interact with the application
server’s JCA WorkManager through Spring’s TaskExecutor
abstraction.
Check
out the javadoc of the SpringContextResourceAdapter
class
for the configuration details involved in RAR deployment.
For
a simple deployment of a Spring ApplicationContext as a Java
EE RAR file: package all application
classes into a RAR file, which is a standard JAR file with a
different file extension. Add all required library JARs into
the root of the RAR archive. Add a "META-INF/ra.xml"
deployment descriptor (as shown in SpringContextResourceAdapter
s
javadoc) and the corresponding Spring XML bean definition
file(s) (typically "META-INF/applicationContext.xml"), and
drop the resulting RAR file into your application server’s
deployment directory.
Such RAR deployment units are usually self-contained; they do not expose components to the outside world, not even to other modules of the same application. Interaction with a RAR-based ApplicationContext usually occurs through JMS destinations that it shares with other modules. A RAR-based ApplicationContext may also, for example, schedule some jobs, reacting to new files in the file system (or the like). If it needs to allow synchronous access from the outside, it could for example export RMI endpoints, which of course may be used by other application modules on the same machine. |
1.16. The BeanFactory
The BeanFactory
provides
the underlying basis for Spring’s IoC functionality but it is
only used directly in integration with other third-party
frameworks and is now largely historical in nature for most
users of Spring. The BeanFactory
and
related interfaces, such as BeanFactoryAware
, InitializingBean
, DisposableBean
,
are still present in Spring for the purposes of backward
compatibility with the large number of third-party frameworks
that integrate with Spring. Often third-party components that
can not use more modern equivalents such as @PostConstruct
or @PreDestroy
in
order to avoid a dependency on JSR-250.
This
section provides additional background into the differences
between the BeanFactory
and ApplicationContext
and
how one might access the IoC container directly through a
classic singleton lookup.
1.16.1. BeanFactory or ApplicationContext?
Use
an ApplicationContext
unless
you have a good reason for not doing so.
Because
the ApplicationContext
includes
all functionality of the BeanFactory
,
it is generally recommended over the BeanFactory
,
except for a few situations such as in embedded applications
running on resource-constrained devices where memory
consumption might be critical and a few extra kilobytes might
make a difference. However, for most typical enterprise
applications and systems, the ApplicationContext
is
what you will want to use. Spring makes heavy use
of the BeanPostProcessor
extension
point (to effect proxying and so on).
If you use only a plain BeanFactory
,
a fair amount of support such as transactions and AOP will not
take effect, at least not without some extra steps on your
part. This situation could be confusing because nothing is
actually wrong with the configuration.
The
following table lists features provided by the BeanFactory
and ApplicationContext
interfaces
and implementations.
Feature | BeanFactory |
ApplicationContext |
---|---|---|
Bean instantiation/wiring |
Yes |
Yes |
Automatic |
No |
Yes |
Automatic |
No |
Yes |
Convenient |
No |
Yes |
|
No |
Yes |
To
explicitly register a bean post-processor with a BeanFactory
implementation,
you need to write code like this:
DefaultListableBeanFactory factory = new DefaultListableBeanFactory();
// populate the factory with bean definitions
// now register any needed BeanPostProcessor instances
MyBeanPostProcessor postProcessor = new MyBeanPostProcessor();
factory.addBeanPostProcessor(postProcessor);
// now start using the factory
To
explicitly register a BeanFactoryPostProcessor
when
using a BeanFactory
implementation,
you must write code like this:
DefaultListableBeanFactory factory = new DefaultListableBeanFactory();
XmlBeanDefinitionReader reader = new XmlBeanDefinitionReader(factory);
reader.loadBeanDefinitions(new FileSystemResource("beans.xml"));
// bring in some property values from a Properties file
PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer cfg = new PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer();
cfg.setLocation(new FileSystemResource("jdbc.properties"));
// now actually do the replacement
cfg.postProcessBeanFactory(factory);
In
both cases, the explicit registration step is inconvenient,
which is one reason why the various ApplicationContext
implementations
are preferred above plain BeanFactory
implementations
in the vast majority of Spring-backed applications, especially
when using BeanFactoryPostProcessor
s
and BeanPostProcessor
s.
These mechanisms implement important functionality such as
property placeholder replacement and AOP.
2. Resources
2.1. Introduction
Java’s
standard java.net.URL
class
and standard handlers for various URL prefixes unfortunately are
not quite adequate enough for all access to low-level resources.
For example, there is no standardized URL
implementation
that may be used to access a resource that needs to be obtained
from the classpath, or relative to a ServletContext
.
While it is possible to register new handlers for specialized URL
prefixes
(similar to existing handlers for prefixes such as http:
),
this is generally quite complicated, and the URL
interface
still lacks some desirable functionality, such as a method to
check for the existence of the resource being pointed to.
2.2. The Resource interface
Spring’s Resource
interface
is meant to be a more capable interface for abstracting access
to low-level resources.
public interface Resource extends InputStreamSource {
boolean exists();
boolean isOpen();
URL getURL() throws IOException;
File getFile() throws IOException;
Resource createRelative(String relativePath) throws IOException;
String getFilename();
String getDescription();
}
public interface InputStreamSource {
InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException;
}
Some
of the most important methods from the Resource
interface
are:
-
getInputStream()
: locates and opens the resource, returning anInputStream
for reading from the resource. It is expected that each invocation returns a freshInputStream
. It is the responsibility of the caller to close the stream. -
exists()
: returns aboolean
indicating whether this resource actually exists in physical form. -
isOpen()
: returns aboolean
indicating whether this resource represents a handle with an open stream. Iftrue
, theInputStream
cannot be read multiple times, and must be read once only and then closed to avoid resource leaks. Will befalse
for all usual resource implementations, with the exception ofInputStreamResource
. -
getDescription()
: returns a description for this resource, to be used for error output when working with the resource. This is often the fully qualified file name or the actual URL of the resource.
Other
methods allow you to obtain an actual URL
or File
object
representing the resource (if the underlying implementation is
compatible, and supports that functionality).
The Resource
abstraction
is used extensively in Spring itself, as an argument type in
many method signatures when a resource is needed. Other methods
in some Spring APIs (such as the constructors to various ApplicationContext
implementations),
take a String
which
in unadorned or simple form is used to create a Resource
appropriate
to that context implementation, or via special prefixes on the String
path,
allow the caller to specify that a specific Resource
implementation
must be created and used.
While
the Resource
interface
is used a lot with Spring and by Spring, it’s actually very
useful to use as a general utility class by itself in your own
code, for access to resources, even when your code doesn’t know
or care about any other parts of Spring. While this couples your
code to Spring, it really only couples it to this small set of
utility classes, which are serving as a more capable replacement
for URL
,
and can be considered equivalent to any other library you would
use for this purpose.
It
is important to note that the Resource
abstraction
does not replace functionality: it wraps it where possible. For
example, a UrlResource
wraps
a URL, and uses the wrapped URL
to
do its work.
2.3. Built-in Resource implementations
There
are a number of Resource
implementations
that come supplied straight out of the box in Spring:
2.3.1. UrlResource
The UrlResource
wraps
a java.net.URL
,
and may be used to access any object that is normally
accessible via a URL, such as files, an HTTP target, an FTP
target, etc. All URLs have a standardized String
representation,
such that appropriate standardized prefixes are used to
indicate one URL type from another. This includes file:
for
accessing filesystem paths, http:
for
accessing resources via the HTTP protocol, ftp:
for
accessing resources via FTP, etc.
A UrlResource
is
created by Java code explicitly using the UrlResource
constructor,
but will often be created implicitly when you call an API
method which takes a String
argument
which is meant to represent a path. For the latter case, a
JavaBeansPropertyEditor
will
ultimately decide which type of Resource
to
create. If the path string contains a few well-known (to it,
that is) prefixes such as classpath:
,
it will create an appropriate specialized Resource
for
that prefix. However, if it doesn’t recognize the prefix, it
will assume the this is just a standard URL string, and will
create a UrlResource
.
2.3.2. ClassPathResource
This class represents a resource which should be obtained from the classpath. This uses either the thread context class loader, a given class loader, or a given class for loading resources.
This Resource
implementation
supports resolution as java.io.File
if
the class path resource resides in the file system, but not
for classpath resources which reside in a jar and have not
been expanded (by the servlet engine, or whatever the
environment is) to the filesystem. To address this the various Resource
implementations
always support resolution as a java.net.URL
.
A ClassPathResource
is
created by Java code explicitly using the ClassPathResource
constructor,
but will often be created implicitly when you call an API
method which takes a String
argument
which is meant to represent a path. For the latter case, a
JavaBeans PropertyEditor
will
recognize the special prefix classpath:
on
the string path, and create a ClassPathResource
in
that case.
2.3.3. FileSystemResource
This
is a Resource
implementation
for java.io.File
handles.
It obviously supports resolution as a File
,
and as a URL
.
2.3.4. ServletContextResource
This
is a Resource
implementation
for ServletContext
resources,
interpreting relative paths within the relevant web
application’s root directory.
This
always supports stream access and URL access, but only allows java.io.File
access
when the web application archive is expanded and the resource
is physically on the filesystem. Whether or not it’s expanded
and on the filesystem like this, or accessed directly from the
JAR or somewhere else like a DB (it’s conceivable) is actually
dependent on the Servlet container.
2.3.5. InputStreamResource
A Resource
implementation
for a given InputStream
.
This should only be used if no specific Resource
implementation
is applicable. In particular, prefer ByteArrayResource
or
any of the file-based Resource
implementations
where possible.
In
contrast to other Resource
implementations,
this is a descriptor for an already opened
resource - therefore returning true
from isOpen()
.
Do not use it if you need to keep the resource descriptor
somewhere, or if you need to read a stream multiple times.
2.3.6. ByteArrayResource
This
is a Resource
implementation
for a given byte array. It creates a ByteArrayInputStream
for
the given byte array.
It’s
useful for loading content from any given byte array, without
having to resort to a single-use InputStreamResource
.
2.4. The ResourceLoader
The ResourceLoader
interface
is meant to be implemented by objects that can return (i.e.
load) Resource
instances.
public interface ResourceLoader {
Resource getResource(String location);
}
All
application contexts implement the ResourceLoader
interface,
and therefore all application contexts may be used to obtain Resource
instances.
When
you call getResource()
on
a specific application context, and the location path specified
doesn’t have a specific prefix, you will get back a Resource
type
that is appropriate to that particular application context. For
example, assume the following snippet of code was executed
against a ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
instance:
Resource template = ctx.getResource("some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt");
What
would be returned would be a ClassPathResource
;
if the same method was executed against a FileSystemXmlApplicationContext
instance,
you’d get back a FileSystemResource
.
For a WebApplicationContext
,
you’d get back a ServletContextResource
,
and so on.
As such, you can load resources in a fashion appropriate to the particular application context.
On
the other hand, you may also force ClassPathResource
to
be used, regardless of the application context type, by
specifying the special classpath:
prefix:
Resource template = ctx.getResource("classpath:some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt");
Similarly,
one can force a UrlResource
to
be used by specifying any of the standard java.net.URL
prefixes:
Resource template = ctx.getResource("file:///some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt");
Resource template = ctx.getResource("http://myhost.com/resource/path/myTemplate.txt");
The
following table summarizes the strategy for converting String
s
to Resource
s:
Prefix | Example | Explanation |
---|---|---|
classpath: |
|
Loaded from the classpath. |
file: |
Loaded
as a |
|
http: |
Loaded
as a |
|
(none) |
|
Depends
on the underlying |
2.5. The ResourceLoaderAware interface
The ResourceLoaderAware
interface
is a special marker interface, identifying objects that expect
to be provided with a ResourceLoader
reference.
public interface ResourceLoaderAware {
void setResourceLoader(ResourceLoader resourceLoader);
}
When
a class implements ResourceLoaderAware
and
is deployed into an application context (as a Spring-managed
bean), it is recognized as ResourceLoaderAware
by
the application context. The application context will then
invoke thesetResourceLoader(ResourceLoader)
,
supplying itself as the argument (remember, all application
contexts in Spring implement the ResourceLoader
interface).
Of
course, since an ApplicationContext
is
a ResourceLoader
,
the bean could also implement the ApplicationContextAware
interface
and use the supplied application context directly to load
resources, but in general, it’s better to use the specialized ResourceLoader
interface
if that’s all that’s needed. The code would just be coupled to
the resource loading interface, which can be considered a
utility interface, and not the whole Spring ApplicationContext
interface.
As
of Spring 2.5, you can rely upon autowiring of the ResourceLoader
as
an alternative to implementing the ResourceLoaderAware
interface.
The "traditional" constructor
and byType
autowiring
modes (as described in Autowiring
collaborators) are now capable of providing a dependency
of type ResourceLoader
for
either a constructor argument or setter method parameter
respectively. For more flexibility (including the ability to
autowire fields and multiple parameter methods), consider using
the new annotation-based autowiring features. In that case, the ResourceLoader
will
be autowired into a field, constructor argument, or method
parameter that is expecting the ResourceLoader
type
as long as the field, constructor, or method in question carries
the @Autowired
annotation.
For more information, see @Autowired.
2.6. Resources as dependencies
If
the bean itself is going to determine and supply the resource
path through some sort of dynamic process, it probably makes
sense for the bean to use the ResourceLoader
interface
to load resources. Consider as an example the loading of a
template of some sort, where the specific resource that is
needed depends on the role of the user. If the resources are
static, it makes sense to eliminate the use of the ResourceLoader
interface
completely, and just have the bean expose the Resource
properties
it needs, and expect that they will be injected into it.
What
makes it trivial to then inject these properties, is that all
application contexts register and use a special JavaBeans PropertyEditor
which
can convert String
paths
to Resource
objects.
So if myBean
has
a template property of type Resource
,
it can be configured with a simple string for that resource, as
follows:
<bean id="myBean" class="...">
<property name="template" value="some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt"/>
</bean>
Note
that the resource path has no prefix, so because the application
context itself is going to be used as the ResourceLoader
,
the resource itself will be loaded via a ClassPathResource
, FileSystemResource
,
or ServletContextResource
(as
appropriate) depending on the exact type of the context.
If
there is a need to force a specific Resource
type
to be used, then a prefix may be used. The following two
examples show how to force a ClassPathResource
and
a UrlResource
(the
latter being used to access a filesystem file).
<property name="template" value="classpath:some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt">
<property name="template" value="file:///some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt"/>
2.7. Application contexts and Resource paths
2.7.1. Constructing application contexts
An application context constructor (for a specific application context type) generally takes a string or array of strings as the location path(s) of the resource(s) such as XML files that make up the definition of the context.
When
such a location path doesn’t have a prefix, the specific Resource
type
built from that path and used to load the bean definitions,
depends on and is appropriate to the specific application
context. For example, if you create aClassPathXmlApplicationContext
as
follows:
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("conf/appContext.xml");
The
bean definitions will be loaded from the classpath, as a ClassPathResource
will
be used. But if you create a FileSystemXmlApplicationContext
as
follows:
ApplicationContext ctx =
new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("conf/appContext.xml");
The bean definition will be loaded from a filesystem location, in this case relative to the current working directory.
Note
that the use of the special classpath prefix or a standard URL
prefix on the location path will override the default type of Resource
created
to load the definition. So this FileSystemXmlApplicationContext
…
ApplicationContext ctx =
new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("classpath:conf/appContext.xml");
-
will actually load its bean definitions from the classpath. However, it is still a
FileSystemXmlApplicationContext
. If it is subsequently used as aResourceLoader
, any unprefixed paths will still be treated as filesystem paths.
Constructing ClassPathXmlApplicationContext instances - shortcuts
The ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
exposes
a number of constructors to enable convenient instantiation.
The basic idea is that one supplies merely a string array
containing just the filenames of the XML files themselves
(without the leading path information), and one also supplies
a Class
;
the ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
will
derive the path information from the supplied class.
An example will hopefully make this clear. Consider a directory layout that looks like this:
com/ foo/ services.xml daos.xml MessengerService.class
A ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
instance
composed of the beans defined in the 'services.xml'
and 'daos.xml'
could
be instantiated like so…
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
new String[] {"services.xml", "daos.xml"}, MessengerService.class);
Please
do consult the ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
javadocs
for details on the various constructors.
2.7.2. Wildcards in application context constructor resource paths
The
resource paths in application context constructor values may
be a simple path (as shown above) which has a one-to-one
mapping to a target Resource, or alternately may contain the
special "classpath*:" prefix and/or internal Ant-style regular
expressions (matched using Spring’s PathMatcher
utility).
Both of the latter are effectively wildcards
One
use for this mechanism is when doing component-style
application assembly. All components can 'publish' context
definition fragments to a well-known location path, and when
the final application context is created using the same path
prefixed via classpath*:
,
all component fragments will be picked up automatically.
Note
that this wildcarding is specific to use of resource paths in
application context constructors (or when using the PathMatcher
utility
class hierarchy directly), and is resolved at construction
time. It has nothing to do with the Resource
type
itself. It’s not possible to use the classpath*:
prefix
to construct an actual Resource
,
as a resource points to just one resource at a time.
Ant-style Patterns
When the path location contains an Ant-style pattern, for example:
/WEB-INF/*-context.xml com/mycompany/**/applicationContext.xml file:C:/some/path/*-context.xml classpath:com/mycompany/**/applicationContext.xml
The
resolver follows a more complex but defined procedure to try
to resolve the wildcard. It produces a Resource for the path
up to the last non-wildcard segment and obtains a URL from
it. If this URL is not a jar:
URL
or container-specific variant (e.g. zip:
in
WebLogic, wsjar
in
WebSphere, etc.), then a java.io.File
is
obtained from it and used to resolve the wildcard by
traversing the filesystem. In the case of a jar URL, the
resolver either gets a java.net.JarURLConnection
from
it or manually parses the jar URL and then traverses the
contents of the jar file to resolve the wildcards.
Implications on portability
If
the specified path is already a file URL (either
explicitly, or implicitly because the base ResourceLoader
is
a filesystem one), then wildcarding is guaranteed to work
in a completely portable fashion.
If
the specified path is a classpath location, then the
resolver must obtain the last non-wildcard path segment
URL via a Classloader.getResource()
call.
Since this is just a node of the path (not the file at the
end) it is actually undefined (in theClassLoader
javadocs)
exactly what sort of a URL is returned in this case. In
practice, it is always a java.io.File
representing
the directory, where the classpath resource resolves to a
filesystem location, or a jar URL of some sort, where the
classpath resource resolves to a jar location. Still,
there is a portability concern on this operation.
If
a jar URL is obtained for the last non-wildcard segment,
the resolver must be able to get a java.net.JarURLConnection
from
it, or manually parse the jar URL, to be able to walk the
contents of the jar, and resolve the wildcard. This will
work in most environments, but will fail in others, and it
is strongly recommended that the wildcard resolution of
resources coming from jars be thoroughly tested in your
specific environment before you rely on it.
The classpath*: prefix
When
constructing an XML-based application context, a location
string may use the special classpath*:
prefix:
ApplicationContext ctx =
new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("classpath*:conf/appContext.xml");
This
special prefix specifies that all classpath resources that
match the given name must be obtained (internally, this
essentially happens via a ClassLoader.getResources(…
)
call), and then merged to form
the final application context definition.
The
wildcard classpath relies on the |
The classpath*:
prefix
can also be combined with a PathMatcher
pattern
in the rest of the location path, for example classpath*:META-INF/*-beans.xml
.
In this case, the resolution strategy is fairly simple: a ClassLoader.getResources()
call
is used on the last non-wildcard path segment to get all the
matching resources in the class loader hierarchy, and then
off each resource the same PathMatcher resolution strategy
described above is used for the wildcard subpath.
Other notes relating to wildcards
Please
note that classpath*:
when
combined with Ant-style patterns will only work reliably
with at least one root directory before the pattern starts,
unless the actual target files reside in the file system.
This means that a pattern likeclasspath*:*.xml
might
not retrieve files from the root of jar files but rather
only from the root of expanded directories.
Spring’s
ability to retrieve classpath entries originates from the
JDK’s ClassLoader.getResources()
method
which only returns file system locations for a passed-in
empty string (indicating potential roots to search). Spring
evaluatesURLClassLoader
runtime
configuration and the "java.class.path" manifest in jar
files as well but this is not guaranteed to lead to portable
behavior.
The scanning of classpath packages requires the presence of corresponding directory entries in the classpath. When you build JARs with Ant, make sure that you do not activate the files-only switch of the JAR task. Also, classpath directories may not get exposed based on security policies in some environments, e.g. standalone apps on JDK 1.7.0_45 and higher (which requires 'Trusted-Library' setup in your manifests; seehttp://stackoverflow.com/questions/19394570/java-jre-7u45-breaks-classloader-getresources). On JDK 9’s module path (Jigsaw), Spring’s classpath scanning generally works as expected. Putting resources into a dedicated directory is highly recommendable here as well, avoiding the aforementioned portability problems with searching the jar file root level. |
Ant-style
patterns with classpath:
resources
are not guaranteed to find matching resources if the root
package to search is available in multiple class path
locations. This is because a resource such as
com/mycompany/package1/service-context.xml
may be in only one location, but when a path such as
classpath:com/mycompany/**/service-context.xml
is
used to try to resolve it, the resolver will work off the
(first) URL returned by getResource("com/mycompany")
;.
If this base package node exists in multiple classloader
locations, the actual end resource may not be underneath.
Therefore, preferably, use " `classpath*:`" with the same
Ant-style pattern in such a case, which will search all
class path locations that contain the root package.
2.7.3. FileSystemResource caveats
A FileSystemResource
that
is not attached to a FileSystemApplicationContext
(that
is, a FileSystemApplicationContext
is
not the actual ResourceLoader
)
will treat absolute vs. relative paths as you would expect.
Relative paths are relative to the current working directory,
while absolute paths are relative to the root of the
filesystem.
For
backwards compatibility (historical) reasons however, this
changes when the FileSystemApplicationContext
is
the ResourceLoader
.
The FileSystemApplicationContext
simply
forces all attached FileSystemResource
instances
to treat all location paths as relative, whether they start
with a leading slash or not. In practice, this means the
following are equivalent:
ApplicationContext ctx =
new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("conf/context.xml");
ApplicationContext ctx =
new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("/conf/context.xml");
As are the following: (Even though it would make sense for them to be different, as one case is relative and the other absolute.)
FileSystemXmlApplicationContext ctx = ...;
ctx.getResource("some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt");
FileSystemXmlApplicationContext ctx = ...;
ctx.getResource("/some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt");
In
practice, if true absolute filesystem paths are needed, it is
better to forgo the use of absolute paths with FileSystemResource
/ FileSystemXmlApplicationContext
,
and just force the use of a UrlResource
,
by using the file:
URL
prefix.
// actual context type doesn't matter, the Resource will always be UrlResource
ctx.getResource("file:///some/resource/path/myTemplate.txt");
// force this FileSystemXmlApplicationContext to load its definition via a UrlResource
ApplicationContext ctx =
new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("file:///conf/context.xml");
3. Validation, Data Binding, and Type Conversion
3.1. Introduction
There
are pros and cons for considering validation as business logic,
and Spring offers a design for validation (and data binding)
that does not exclude either one of them. Specifically
validation should not be tied to the web tier, should be easy to
localize and it should be possible to plug in any validator
available. Considering the above, Spring has come up with a Validator
interface
that is both basic and eminently usable in every layer of an
application.
Data
binding is useful for allowing user input to be dynamically
bound to the domain model of an application (or whatever objects
you use to process user input). Spring provides the so-called DataBinder
to
do exactly that. The Validator
and
theDataBinder
make
up the validation
package,
which is primarily used in but not limited to the MVC framework.
The BeanWrapper
is
a fundamental concept in the Spring Framework and is used in a
lot of places. However, you probably will not have the need to
use the BeanWrapper
directly.
Because this is reference documentation however, we felt that
some explanation might be in order. We will explain the BeanWrapper
in
this chapter since, if you were going to use it at all, you
would most likely do so when trying to bind data to objects.
Spring’s
DataBinder and the lower-level BeanWrapper both use
PropertyEditors to parse and format property values. The PropertyEditor
concept
is part of the JavaBeans specification, and is also explained in
this chapter. Spring 3 introduces a "core.convert" package that
provides a general type conversion facility, as well as a
higher-level "format" package for formatting UI field values.
These new packages may be used as simpler alternatives to
PropertyEditors, and will also be discussed in this chapter.
3.2. Validation using Spring’s Validator interface
Spring
features a Validator
interface
that you can use to validate objects. The Validator
interface
works using an Errors
object
so that while validating, validators can report validation
failures to the Errors
object.
Let’s consider a small data object:
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;
// the usual getters and setters...
}
We’re
going to provide validation behavior for the Person
class
by implementing the following two methods of the org.springframework.validation.Validator
interface:
-
supports(Class)
- Can thisValidator
validate instances of the suppliedClass
? -
validate(Object, org.springframework.validation.Errors)
- validates the given object and in case of validation errors, registers those with the givenErrors
object
Implementing
a Validator
is
fairly straightforward, especially when you know of the ValidationUtils
helper
class that the Spring Framework also provides.
public class PersonValidator implements Validator {
/**
* This Validator validates *just* Person instances
*/
public boolean supports(Class clazz) {
return Person.class.equals(clazz);
}
public void validate(Object obj, Errors e) {
ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmpty(e, "name", "name.empty");
Person p = (Person) obj;
if (p.getAge() < 0) {
e.rejectValue("age", "negativevalue");
} else if (p.getAge() > 110) {
e.rejectValue("age", "too.darn.old");
}
}
}
As
you can see, the static
rejectIfEmpty(..)
method
on the ValidationUtils
class
is used to reject the 'name'
property
if it is null
or
the empty string. Have a look at the ValidationUtils
javadocs
to see what functionality it provides besides the example shown
previously.
While
it is certainly possible to implement a single Validator
class
to validate each of the nested objects in a rich object, it may
be better to encapsulate the validation logic for each nested
class of object in its own Validator
implementation.
A simple example of a 'rich' object
would be a Customer
that
is composed of two String
properties
(a first and second name) and a complex Address
object. Address
objects
may be used independently of Customer
objects,
and so a distinct AddressValidator
has
been implemented. If you want your CustomerValidator
to
reuse the logic contained within the AddressValidator
class
without resorting to copy-and-paste, you can dependency-inject
or instantiate an AddressValidator
within
your CustomerValidator
,
and use it like so:
public class CustomerValidator implements Validator {
private final Validator addressValidator;
public CustomerValidator(Validator addressValidator) {
if (addressValidator == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("The supplied [Validator] is " +
"required and must not be null.");
}
if (!addressValidator.supports(Address.class)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("The supplied [Validator] must " +
"support the validation of [Address] instances.");
}
this.addressValidator = addressValidator;
}
/**
* This Validator validates Customer instances, and any subclasses of Customer too
*/
public boolean supports(Class clazz) {
return Customer.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz);
}
public void validate(Object target, Errors errors) {
ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace(errors, "firstName", "field.required");
ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace(errors, "surname", "field.required");
Customer customer = (Customer) target;
try {
errors.pushNestedPath("address");
ValidationUtils.invokeValidator(this.addressValidator, customer.getAddress(), errors);
} finally {
errors.popNestedPath();
}
}
}
Validation
errors are reported to the Errors
object
passed to the validator. In case of Spring Web MVC you can use <spring:bind/>
tag
to inspect the error messages, but of course you can also
inspect the errors object yourself. More information about the
methods it offers can be found in the javadocs.
3.3. Resolving codes to error messages
We’ve
talked about databinding and validation. Outputting messages
corresponding to validation errors is the last thing we need to
discuss. In the example we’ve shown above, we rejected the name
and
the age
field.
If we’re going to output the error messages by using a MessageSource
,
we will do so using the error code we’ve given when rejecting
the field ('name' and 'age' in this case). When you call (either
directly, or indirectly, using for example the ValidationUtils
class) rejectValue
or
one of the other reject
methods
from the Errors
interface,
the underlying implementation will not only register the code
you’ve passed in, but also a number of additional error codes.
What error codes it registers is determined by the MessageCodesResolver
that
is used. By default, the DefaultMessageCodesResolver
is
used, which for example not only registers a message with the
code you gave, but also messages that include the field name you
passed to the reject method. So in case you reject a field using rejectValue("age",
"too.darn.old")
, apart from the too.darn.old
code,
Spring will also register too.darn.old.age
and too.darn.old.age.int
(so
the first will include the field name and the second will
include the type of the field); this is done as a convenience to
aid developers in targeting error messages and suchlike.
More
information on the MessageCodesResolver
and
the default strategy can be found online in the javadocs ofMessageCodesResolver
and DefaultMessageCodesResolver
,
respectively.
3.4. Bean manipulation and the BeanWrapper
The org.springframework.beans
package
adheres to the JavaBeans standard provided by Oracle. A JavaBean
is simply a class with a default no-argument constructor, which
follows a naming convention where (by way of an example) a
property named bingoMadness
would
have a setter method setBingoMadness(..)
and
a getter method getBingoMadness()
.
For more information about JavaBeans and the specification,
please refer to Oracle’s website ( javabeans).
One
quite important class in the beans package is the BeanWrapper
interface
and its corresponding implementation ( BeanWrapperImpl
).
As quoted from the javadocs, the BeanWrapper
offers
functionality to set and get property values (individually or in
bulk), get property descriptors, and to query properties to
determine if they are readable or writable. Also, the BeanWrapper
offers
support for nested properties, enabling the setting of
properties on sub-properties to an unlimited depth. Then, the BeanWrapper
supports
the ability to add standard JavaBeans PropertyChangeListeners
and VetoableChangeListeners
,
without the need for supporting code in the target class. Last
but not least, the BeanWrapper
provides
support for the setting of indexed properties. The BeanWrapper
usually
isn’t used by application code directly, but by the DataBinder
and
the BeanFactory
.
The
way the BeanWrapper
works
is partly indicated by its name: it
wraps a bean to perform actions on that
bean, like setting and retrieving properties.
3.4.1. Setting and getting basic and nested properties
Setting
and getting properties is done using the setPropertyValue(s)
and getPropertyValue(s)
methods
that both come with a couple of overloaded variants. They’re
all described in more detail in the javadocs Spring comes
with. What’s important to know is that there are a couple of
conventions for indicating properties of an object. A couple
of examples:
Expression | Explanation |
---|---|
|
Indicates
the property |
|
Indicates
the nested property |
|
Indicates
the third element
of the indexed property |
|
Indicates
the value of the map entry indexed by the key COMPANYNAME of
the Map property |
Below
you’ll find some examples of working with the BeanWrapper
to
get and set properties.
(This
next section is not vitally important to you if you’re not
planning to work with the BeanWrapper
directly.
If you’re just using the DataBinder
and
the BeanFactory
and
their out-of-the-box implementation, you should skip ahead
to the section aboutPropertyEditors
.)
Consider the following two classes:
public class Company {
private String name;
private Employee managingDirector;
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Employee getManagingDirector() {
return this.managingDirector;
}
public void setManagingDirector(Employee managingDirector) {
this.managingDirector = managingDirector;
}
}
public class Employee {
private String name;
private float salary;
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public float getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
}
The
following code snippets show some examples of how to retrieve
and manipulate some of the properties of instantiated Companies
and Employees
:
BeanWrapper company = new BeanWrapperImpl(new Company());
// setting the company name..
company.setPropertyValue("name", "Some Company Inc.");
// ... can also be done like this:
PropertyValue value = new PropertyValue("name", "Some Company Inc.");
company.setPropertyValue(value);
// ok, let's create the director and tie it to the company:
BeanWrapper jim = new BeanWrapperImpl(new Employee());
jim.setPropertyValue("name", "Jim Stravinsky");
company.setPropertyValue("managingDirector", jim.getWrappedInstance());
// retrieving the salary of the managingDirector through the company
Float salary = (Float) company.getPropertyValue("managingDirector.salary");
3.4.2. Built-in PropertyEditor implementations
Spring
uses the concept of PropertyEditors
to
effect the conversion between an Object
and
a String
.
If you think about it, it sometimes might be handy to be able
to represent properties in a different way than the object
itself. For example, a Date
can
be represented in a human readable way (as the String
'2007-14-09'
),
while we’re still able to convert the human readable form back
to the original date (or even better: convert any date entered
in a human readable form, back to Date
objects).
This behavior can be achieved by registering
custom editors, of type java.beans.PropertyEditor
.
Registering custom editors on a BeanWrapper
or
alternately in a specific IoC container as mentioned in the
previous chapter, gives it the knowledge of how to convert
properties to the desired type. Read more about PropertyEditors
in
the javadocs of the java.beans
package
provided by Oracle.
A couple of examples where property editing is used in Spring:
-
setting properties on beans is done using
PropertyEditors
. When mentioningjava.lang.String
as the value of a property of some bean you’re declaring in XML file, Spring will (if the setter of the corresponding property has aClass
-parameter) use theClassEditor
to try to resolve the parameter to aClass
object. -
parsing HTTP request parameters in Spring’s MVC framework is done using all kinds of
PropertyEditors
that you can manually bind in all subclasses of theCommandController
.
Spring
has a number of built-in PropertyEditors
to
make life easy. Each of those is listed below and they are all
located in the org.springframework.beans.propertyeditors
package.
Most, but not all (as indicated below), are registered by
default byBeanWrapperImpl
.
Where the property editor is configurable in some fashion, you
can of course still register your own variant to override the
default one:
Class | Explanation |
---|---|
|
Editor
for byte arrays. Strings will simply be converted to
their corresponding byte representations. Registered by
default by |
|
Parses
Strings representing classes to actual classes and the
other way around. When a class is not found, an |
|
Customizable
property editor for |
|
Property
editor for Collections, converting any source |
|
Customizable property editor for java.util.Date, supporting a custom DateFormat. NOT registered by default. Must be user registered as needed with appropriate format. |
|
Customizable
property editor for any Number subclass like |
|
Capable
of resolving Strings to |
|
One-way
property editor, capable of taking a text string and
producing (via an intermediate |
|
Capable
of resolving Strings to |
|
Capable
of resolving Strings to |
|
Capable
of converting Strings (formatted using the format as
defined in the javadocs of the |
|
Property
editor that trims Strings. Optionally allows
transforming an empty string into a |
|
Capable
of resolving a String representation of a URL to an
actual |
Spring
uses the java.beans.PropertyEditorManager
to
set the search path for property editors that might be needed.
The search path also includes sun.bean.editors
,
which includes PropertyEditor
implementations
for types such as Font
, Color
,
and most of the primitive types. Note also that the standard
JavaBeans infrastructure will automatically discover PropertyEditor
classes
(without you having to register them explicitly) if they are
in the same package as the class they handle, and have the
same name as that class, with 'Editor'
appended;
for example, one could have the following class and package
structure, which would be sufficient for the FooEditor
class
to be recognized and used as the PropertyEditor
for Foo
-typed
properties.
com chank pop Foo FooEditor // the PropertyEditor for the Foo class
Note
that you can also use the standard BeanInfo
JavaBeans
mechanism here as well (described in
not-amazing-detail here). Find below an example of using
the BeanInfo
mechanism
for explicitly registering one or more PropertyEditor
instances
with the properties of an associated class.
com chank pop Foo FooBeanInfo // the BeanInfo for the Foo class
Here
is the Java source code for the referenced FooBeanInfo
class.
This would associate a CustomNumberEditor
with
the age
property
of the Foo
class.
public class FooBeanInfo extends SimpleBeanInfo {
public PropertyDescriptor[] getPropertyDescriptors() {
try {
final PropertyEditor numberPE = new CustomNumberEditor(Integer.class, true);
PropertyDescriptor ageDescriptor = new PropertyDescriptor("age", Foo.class) {
public PropertyEditor createPropertyEditor(Object bean) {
return numberPE;
};
};
return new PropertyDescriptor[] { ageDescriptor };
}
catch (IntrospectionException ex) {
throw new Error(ex.toString());
}
}
}
Registering additional custom PropertyEditors
When
setting bean properties as a string value, a Spring IoC
container ultimately uses standard JavaBeans PropertyEditors
to
convert these Strings to the complex type of the property.
Spring pre-registers a number of custom PropertyEditors
(for
example, to convert a classname expressed as a string into a
real Class
object).
Additionally, Java’s standard JavaBeans PropertyEditor
lookup
mechanism allows a PropertyEditor
for
a class simply to be named appropriately and placed in the
same package as the class it provides support for, to be
found automatically.
If
there is a need to register other custom PropertyEditors
,
there are several mechanisms available. The most manual
approach, which is not normally convenient or recommended,
is to simply use the registerCustomEditor()
method
of theConfigurableBeanFactory
interface,
assuming you have a BeanFactory
reference.
Another, slightly more convenient, mechanism is to use a
special bean factory post-processor called CustomEditorConfigurer
.
Although bean factory post-processors can be used with BeanFactory
implementations,
the CustomEditorConfigurer
has
a nested property setup, so it is strongly recommended that
it is used with the ApplicationContext
,
where it may be deployed in similar fashion to any other
bean, and automatically detected and applied.
Note
that all bean factories and application contexts
automatically use a number of built-in property editors,
through their use of something called a BeanWrapper
to
handle property conversions. The standard property editors
that the BeanWrapper
registers
are listed in the
previous section. Additionally, ApplicationContexts
also
override or add an additional number of editors to handle
resource lookups in a manner appropriate to the specific
application context type.
Standard
JavaBeans PropertyEditor
instances
are used to convert property values expressed as strings to
the actual complex type of the property. CustomEditorConfigurer
,
a bean factory post-processor, may be used to conveniently
add support for additional PropertyEditor
instances
to an ApplicationContext
.
Consider
a user class ExoticType
,
and another class DependsOnExoticType
which
needs ExoticType
set
as a property:
package example;
public class ExoticType {
private String name;
public ExoticType(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
public class DependsOnExoticType {
private ExoticType type;
public void setType(ExoticType type) {
this.type = type;
}
}
When
things are properly set up, we want to be able to assign the
type property as a string, which a PropertyEditor
will
behind the scenes convert into an actual ExoticType
instance:
<bean id="sample" class="example.DependsOnExoticType">
<property name="type" value="aNameForExoticType"/>
</bean>
The PropertyEditor
implementation
could look similar to this:
// converts string representation to ExoticType object
package example;
public class ExoticTypeEditor extends PropertyEditorSupport {
public void setAsText(String text) {
setValue(new ExoticType(text.toUpperCase()));
}
}
Finally,
we use CustomEditorConfigurer
to
register the new PropertyEditor
with
the ApplicationContext
,
which will then be able to use it as needed:
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.CustomEditorConfigurer">
<property name="customEditors">
<map>
<entry key="example.ExoticType" value="example.ExoticTypeEditor"/>
</map>
</property>
</bean>
Using PropertyEditorRegistrars
Another
mechanism for registering property editors with the Spring
container is to create and use a PropertyEditorRegistrar
.
This interface is particularly useful when you need to use
the same set of property editors in several different
situations: write a corresponding registrar and reuse that
in each case. PropertyEditorRegistrars
work
in conjunction with an interface called PropertyEditorRegistry
,
an interface that is implemented by the Spring BeanWrapper
(and DataBinder
). PropertyEditorRegistrars
are
particularly convenient when used in conjunction with the CustomEditorConfigurer
(introduced here),
which exposes a property called setPropertyEditorRegistrars(..)
: PropertyEditorRegistrars
added
to a CustomEditorConfigurer
in
this fashion can easily be shared with DataBinder
and
Spring MVC Controllers
.
Furthermore, it avoids the need for synchronization on
custom editors: a PropertyEditorRegistrar
is
expected to create fresh PropertyEditor
instances
for each bean creation attempt.
Using
a PropertyEditorRegistrar
is
perhaps best illustrated with an example. First off, you
need to create your own PropertyEditorRegistrar
implementation:
package com.foo.editors.spring;
public final class CustomPropertyEditorRegistrar implements PropertyEditorRegistrar {
public void registerCustomEditors(PropertyEditorRegistry registry) {
// it is expected that new PropertyEditor instances are created
registry.registerCustomEditor(ExoticType.class, new ExoticTypeEditor());
// you could register as many custom property editors as are required here...
}
}
See
also the org.springframework.beans.support.ResourceEditorRegistrar
for
an example PropertyEditorRegistrar
implementation.
Notice how in its implementation of the registerCustomEditors(..)
method
it creates new instances of each property editor.
Next
we configure a CustomEditorConfigurer
and
inject an instance of our CustomPropertyEditorRegistrar
into
it:
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.CustomEditorConfigurer">
<property name="propertyEditorRegistrars">
<list>
<ref bean="customPropertyEditorRegistrar"/>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="customPropertyEditorRegistrar"
class="com.foo.editors.spring.CustomPropertyEditorRegistrar"/>
Finally,
and in a bit of a departure from the focus of this
chapter, for those of you using Spring’s
MVC web framework, using PropertyEditorRegistrars
in
conjunction with data-binding Controllers
(such
as SimpleFormController
)
can be very convenient. Find below an example of using a PropertyEditorRegistrar
in
the implementation of an initBinder(..)
method:
public final class RegisterUserController extends SimpleFormController {
private final PropertyEditorRegistrar customPropertyEditorRegistrar;
public RegisterUserController(PropertyEditorRegistrar propertyEditorRegistrar) {
this.customPropertyEditorRegistrar = propertyEditorRegistrar;
}
protected void initBinder(HttpServletRequest request,
ServletRequestDataBinder binder) throws Exception {
this.customPropertyEditorRegistrar.registerCustomEditors(binder);
}
// other methods to do with registering a User
}
This
style of PropertyEditor
registration
can lead to concise code (the implementation of initBinder(..)
is
just one line long!), and allows common PropertyEditor
registration
code to be encapsulated in a class and then shared amongst
as manyControllers
as
needed.
3.5. Spring Type Conversion
Spring
3 introduces a core.convert
package
that provides a general type conversion system. The system
defines an SPI to implement type conversion logic, as well as an
API to execute type conversions at runtime. Within a Spring
container, this system can be used as an alternative to
PropertyEditors to convert externalized bean property value
strings to required property types. The public API may also be
used anywhere in your application where type conversion is
needed.
3.5.1. Converter SPI
The SPI to implement type conversion logic is simple and strongly typed:
package org.springframework.core.convert.converter;
public interface Converter<S, T> {
T convert(S source);
}
To
create your own converter, simply implement the interface
above. Parameterize S
as
the type you are converting from, and T
as
the type you are converting to. Such a converter can also be
applied transparently if a collection or array of S
needs
to be converted to an array or collection of T
,
provided that a delegating array/collection converter has been
registered as well (which DefaultConversionService
does
by default).
For
each call to convert(S)
,
the source argument is guaranteed to be NOT null. Your
Converter may throw any unchecked exception if conversion
fails; specifically, an IllegalArgumentException
should
be thrown to report an invalid source value. Take care to
ensure that your Converter
implementation
is thread-safe.
Several
converter implementations are provided in the core.convert.support
package
as a convenience. These include converters from Strings to
Numbers and other common types. Consider StringToInteger
as
an example for a typical Converter
implementation:
package org.springframework.core.convert.support;
final class StringToInteger implements Converter<String, Integer> {
public Integer convert(String source) {
return Integer.valueOf(source);
}
}
3.5.2. ConverterFactory
When
you need to centralize the conversion logic for an entire
class hierarchy, for example, when converting from String to
java.lang.Enum objects, implement ConverterFactory
:
package org.springframework.core.convert.converter;
public interface ConverterFactory<S, R> {
<T extends R> Converter<S, T> getConverter(Class<T> targetType);
}
Parameterize S to be the type you are converting from and R to be the base type defining the range of classes you can convert to. Then implement getConverter(Class<T>), where T is a subclass of R.
Consider
the StringToEnum
ConverterFactory
as an example:
package org.springframework.core.convert.support;
final class StringToEnumConverterFactory implements ConverterFactory<String, Enum> {
public <T extends Enum> Converter<String, T> getConverter(Class<T> targetType) {
return new StringToEnumConverter(targetType);
}
private final class StringToEnumConverter<T extends Enum> implements Converter<String, T> {
private Class<T> enumType;
public StringToEnumConverter(Class<T> enumType) {
this.enumType = enumType;
}
public T convert(String source) {
return (T) Enum.valueOf(this.enumType, source.trim());
}
}
}
3.5.3. GenericConverter
When you require a sophisticated Converter implementation, consider the GenericConverter interface. With a more flexible but less strongly typed signature, a GenericConverter supports converting between multiple source and target types. In addition, a GenericConverter makes available source and target field context you can use when implementing your conversion logic. Such context allows a type conversion to be driven by a field annotation, or generic information declared on a field signature.
package org.springframework.core.convert.converter;
public interface GenericConverter {
public Set<ConvertiblePair> getConvertibleTypes();
Object convert(Object source, TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType);
}
To implement a GenericConverter, have getConvertibleTypes() return the supported source→target type pairs. Then implement convert(Object, TypeDescriptor, TypeDescriptor) to implement your conversion logic. The source TypeDescriptor provides access to the source field holding the value being converted. The target TypeDescriptor provides access to the target field where the converted value will be set.
A good example of a GenericConverter is a converter that converts between a Java Array and a Collection. Such an ArrayToCollectionConverter introspects the field that declares the target Collection type to resolve the Collection’s element type. This allows each element in the source array to be converted to the Collection element type before the Collection is set on the target field.
Because GenericConverter is a more complex SPI interface, only use it when you need it. Favor Converter or ConverterFactory for basic type conversion needs. |
ConditionalGenericConverter
Sometimes
you only want a Converter
to
execute if a specific condition holds true. For example, you
might only want to execute a Converter
if
a specific annotation is present on the target field. Or you
might only want to execute a Converter
if
a specific method, such as a static
valueOf
method, is defined on the
target class. ConditionalGenericConverter
is
the union of the GenericConverter
and ConditionalConverter
interfaces
that allows you to define such custom matching criteria:
public interface ConditionalConverter {
boolean matches(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType);
}
public interface ConditionalGenericConverter
extends GenericConverter, ConditionalConverter {
}
A
good example of a ConditionalGenericConverter
is
an EntityConverter that converts between an persistent
entity identifier and an entity reference. Such a
EntityConverter might only match if the target entity type
declares a static finder method e.g. findAccount(Long)
.
You would perform such a finder method check in the
implementation ofmatches(TypeDescriptor,
TypeDescriptor)
.
3.5.4. ConversionService API
The ConversionService defines a unified API for executing type conversion logic at runtime. Converters are often executed behind this facade interface:
package org.springframework.core.convert;
public interface ConversionService {
boolean canConvert(Class<?> sourceType, Class<?> targetType);
<T> T convert(Object source, Class<T> targetType);
boolean canConvert(TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType);
Object convert(Object source, TypeDescriptor sourceType, TypeDescriptor targetType);
}
Most
ConversionService implementations also implement ConverterRegistry
,
which provides an SPI for registering converters. Internally,
a ConversionService implementation delegates to its registered
converters to carry out type conversion logic.
A
robust ConversionService implementation is provided in the core.convert.support
package. GenericConversionService
is
the general-purpose implementation suitable for use in most
environments. ConversionServiceFactory
provides
a convenient factory for creating common ConversionService
configurations.
3.5.5. Configuring a ConversionService
A ConversionService is a stateless object designed to be instantiated at application startup, then shared between multiple threads. In a Spring application, you typically configure a ConversionService instance per Spring container (or ApplicationContext). That ConversionService will be picked up by Spring and then used whenever a type conversion needs to be performed by the framework. You may also inject this ConversionService into any of your beans and invoke it directly.
If no ConversionService is registered with Spring, the original PropertyEditor-based system is used. |
To
register a default ConversionService with Spring, add the
following bean definition with id conversionService
:
<bean id="conversionService"
class="org.springframework.context.support.ConversionServiceFactoryBean"/>
A
default ConversionService can convert between strings,
numbers, enums, collections, maps, and other common types. To
supplement or override the default converters with your own
custom converter(s), set the converters
property.
Property values may implement either of the Converter,
ConverterFactory, or GenericConverter interfaces.
<bean id="conversionService"
class="org.springframework.context.support.ConversionServiceFactoryBean">
<property name="converters">
<set>
<bean class="example.MyCustomConverter"/>
</set>
</property>
</bean>
It is also common to use a ConversionService within a Spring MVC application. See Conversion and Formatting in the Spring MVC chapter.
In
certain situations you may wish to apply formatting during
conversion. See FormatterRegistry
SPI for details on usingFormattingConversionServiceFactoryBean
.
3.5.6. Using a ConversionService programmatically
To work with a ConversionService instance programmatically, simply inject a reference to it like you would for any other bean:
@Service
public class MyService {
@Autowired
public MyService(ConversionService conversionService) {
this.conversionService = conversionService;
}
public void doIt() {
this.conversionService.convert(...)
}
}
For
most use cases, the convert
method
specifying the targetType can
be used but it will not work with more complex types such as a
collection of a parameterized element. If you want to convert
a List
of Integer
to
a List
of String
programmatically,
for instance, you need to provide a formal definition of the
source and target types.
Fortunately, TypeDescriptor
provides
various options to make that straightforward:
DefaultConversionService cs = new DefaultConversionService();
List<Integer> input = ....
cs.convert(input,
TypeDescriptor.forObject(input), // List<Integer> type descriptor
TypeDescriptor.collection(List.class, TypeDescriptor.valueOf(String.class)));
Note
that DefaultConversionService
registers
converters automatically which are appropriate for most
environments. This includes collection converters, scalar
converters, and also basic Object
to String
converters.
The same converters can be registered with any ConverterRegistry
using
the static addDefaultConverters
method
on the DefaultConversionService
class.
Converters
for value types will be reused for arrays and collections, so
there is no need to create a specific converter to convert
from a Collection
of S
to
a Collection
of T
,
assuming that standard collection handling is appropriate.
3.6. Spring Field Formatting
As
discussed in the previous section, core.convert
is
a general-purpose type conversion system. It provides a unified
ConversionService API as well as a strongly-typed Converter SPI
for implementing conversion logic from one type to another. A
Spring Container uses this system to bind bean property values.
In addition, both the Spring Expression Language (SpEL) and
DataBinder use this system to bind field values. For example,
when SpEL needs to coerce a Short
to
a Long
to
complete an expression.setValue(Object
bean, Object value)
attempt, the
core.convert system performs the coercion.
Now consider the type conversion requirements of a typical client environment such as a web or desktop application. In such environments, you typically convert from String to support the client postback process, as well as back to String to support the view rendering process. In addition, you often need to localize String values. The more general core.convert Converter SPI does not address such formatting requirements directly. To directly address them, Spring 3 introduces a convenient Formatter SPI that provides a simple and robust alternative to PropertyEditors for client environments.
In general, use the Converter SPI when you need to implement general-purpose type conversion logic; for example, for converting between a java.util.Date and and java.lang.Long. Use the Formatter SPI when you’re working in a client environment, such as a web application, and need to parse and print localized field values. The ConversionService provides a unified type conversion API for both SPIs.
3.6.1. Formatter SPI
The Formatter SPI to implement field formatting logic is simple and strongly typed:
package org.springframework.format;
public interface Formatter<T> extends Printer<T>, Parser<T> {
}
Where Formatter extends from the Printer and Parser building-block interfaces:
public interface Printer<T> {
String print(T fieldValue, Locale locale);
}
import java.text.ParseException;
public interface Parser<T> {
T parse(String clientValue, Locale locale) throws ParseException;
}
To
create your own Formatter, simply implement the Formatter
interface above. Parameterize T to be the type of object you
wish to format, for example, java.util.Date
.
Implement the print()
operation
to print an instance of T for display in the client locale.
Implement the parse()
operation
to parse an instance of T from the formatted representation
returned from the client locale. Your Formatter should throw a
ParseException or IllegalArgumentException if a parse attempt
fails. Take care to ensure your Formatter implementation is
thread-safe.
Several
Formatter implementations are provided in format
subpackages
as a convenience. The number
package
provides a NumberFormatter
, CurrencyFormatter
,
and PercentFormatter
to
format java.lang.Number
objects
using a java.text.NumberFormat
.
The datetime
package
provides a DateFormatter
to
format java.util.Date
objects
with a java.text.DateFormat
.
The datetime.joda
package
provides comprehensive datetime formatting support based on
the Joda-Time
library.
Consider DateFormatter
as
an example Formatter
implementation:
package org.springframework.format.datetime;
public final class DateFormatter implements Formatter<Date> {
private String pattern;
public DateFormatter(String pattern) {
this.pattern = pattern;
}
public String print(Date date, Locale locale) {
if (date == null) {
return "";
}
return getDateFormat(locale).format(date);
}
public Date parse(String formatted, Locale locale) throws ParseException {
if (formatted.length() == 0) {
return null;
}
return getDateFormat(locale).parse(formatted);
}
protected DateFormat getDateFormat(Locale locale) {
DateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat(this.pattern, locale);
dateFormat.setLenient(false);
return dateFormat;
}
}
The
Spring team welcomes community-driven Formatter
contributions;
see jira.spring.io to
contribute.
3.6.2. Annotation-driven Formatting
As you will see, field formatting can be configured by field type or annotation. To bind an Annotation to a formatter, implement AnnotationFormatterFactory:
package org.springframework.format;
public interface AnnotationFormatterFactory<A extends Annotation> {
Set<Class<?>> getFieldTypes();
Printer<?> getPrinter(A annotation, Class<?> fieldType);
Parser<?> getParser(A annotation, Class<?> fieldType);
}
Parameterize
A to be the field annotationType you wish to associate
formatting logic with, for example org.springframework.format.annotation.DateTimeFormat
.
Have getFieldTypes()
return
the types of fields the annotation may be used on. Have getPrinter()
return
a Printer to print the value of an annotated field. Have getParser()
return
a Parser to parse a clientValue for an annotated field.
The example AnnotationFormatterFactory implementation below binds the @NumberFormat Annotation to a formatter. This annotation allows either a number style or pattern to be specified:
public final class NumberFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory
implements AnnotationFormatterFactory<NumberFormat> {
public Set<Class<?>> getFieldTypes() {
return new HashSet<Class<?>>(asList(new Class<?>[] {
Short.class, Integer.class, Long.class, Float.class,
Double.class, BigDecimal.class, BigInteger.class }));
}
public Printer<Number> getPrinter(NumberFormat annotation, Class<?> fieldType) {
return configureFormatterFrom(annotation, fieldType);
}
public Parser<Number> getParser(NumberFormat annotation, Class<?> fieldType) {
return configureFormatterFrom(annotation, fieldType);
}
private Formatter<Number> configureFormatterFrom(NumberFormat annotation,
Class<?> fieldType) {
if (!annotation.pattern().isEmpty()) {
return new NumberFormatter(annotation.pattern());
} else {
Style style = annotation.style();
if (style == Style.PERCENT) {
return new PercentFormatter();
} else if (style == Style.CURRENCY) {
return new CurrencyFormatter();
} else {
return new NumberFormatter();
}
}
}
}
To trigger formatting, simply annotate fields with @NumberFormat:
public class MyModel {
@NumberFormat(style=Style.CURRENCY)
private BigDecimal decimal;
}
Format Annotation API
A
portable format annotation API exists in the org.springframework.format.annotation
package.
Use @NumberFormat to format java.lang.Number fields. Use
@DateTimeFormat to format java.util.Date,
java.util.Calendar, java.util.Long, or Joda-Time fields.
The example below uses @DateTimeFormat to format a java.util.Date as a ISO Date (yyyy-MM-dd):
public class MyModel {
@DateTimeFormat(iso=ISO.DATE)
private Date date;
}
3.6.3. FormatterRegistry SPI
The
FormatterRegistry is an SPI for registering formatters and
converters. FormattingConversionService
is
an implementation of FormatterRegistry suitable for most
environments. This implementation may be configured
programmatically or declaratively as a Spring bean using FormattingConversionServiceFactoryBean
.
Because this implementation also implements ConversionService
,
it can be directly configured for use with Spring’s DataBinder
and the Spring Expression Language (SpEL).
Review the FormatterRegistry SPI below:
package org.springframework.format;
public interface FormatterRegistry extends ConverterRegistry {
void addFormatterForFieldType(Class<?> fieldType, Printer<?> printer, Parser<?> parser);
void addFormatterForFieldType(Class<?> fieldType, Formatter<?> formatter);
void addFormatterForFieldType(Formatter<?> formatter);
void addFormatterForAnnotation(AnnotationFormatterFactory<?, ?> factory);
}
As shown above, Formatters can be registered by fieldType or annotation.
The FormatterRegistry SPI allows you to configure Formatting rules centrally, instead of duplicating such configuration across your Controllers. For example, you might want to enforce that all Date fields are formatted a certain way, or fields with a specific annotation are formatted in a certain way. With a shared FormatterRegistry, you define these rules once and they are applied whenever formatting is needed.
3.6.4. FormatterRegistrar SPI
The FormatterRegistrar is an SPI for registering formatters and converters through the FormatterRegistry:
package org.springframework.format;
public interface FormatterRegistrar {
void registerFormatters(FormatterRegistry registry);
}
A FormatterRegistrar is useful when registering multiple related converters and formatters for a given formatting category, such as Date formatting. It can also be useful where declarative registration is insufficient. For example when a formatter needs to be indexed under a specific field type different from its own <T> or when registering a Printer/Parser pair. The next section provides more information on converter and formatter registration.
3.6.5. Configuring Formatting in Spring MVC
See Conversion and Formatting in the Spring MVC chapter.
3.7. Configuring a global date & time format
By
default, date and time fields that are not annotated with @DateTimeFormat
are
converted from strings using the DateFormat.SHORT
style.
If you prefer, you can change this by defining your own global
format.
You
will need to ensure that Spring does not register default
formatters, and instead you should register all formatters
manually. Use the org.springframework.format.datetime.joda.JodaTimeFormatterRegistrar
ororg.springframework.format.datetime.DateFormatterRegistrar
class
depending on whether you use the Joda-Time library.
For example, the following Java configuration will register a global ' `yyyyMMdd’ format. This example does not depend on the Joda-Time library:
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {
@Bean
public FormattingConversionService conversionService() {
// Use the DefaultFormattingConversionService but do not register defaults
DefaultFormattingConversionService conversionService = new DefaultFormattingConversionService(false);
// Ensure @NumberFormat is still supported
conversionService.addFormatterForFieldAnnotation(new NumberFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory());
// Register date conversion with a specific global format
DateFormatterRegistrar registrar = new DateFormatterRegistrar();
registrar.setFormatter(new DateFormatter("yyyyMMdd"));
registrar.registerFormatters(conversionService);
return conversionService;
}
}
If
you prefer XML based configuration you can use a FormattingConversionServiceFactoryBean
.
Here is the same example, this time using Joda Time:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd>
<bean id="conversionService" class="org.springframework.format.support.FormattingConversionServiceFactoryBean">
<property name="registerDefaultFormatters" value="false" />
<property name="formatters">
<set>
<bean class="org.springframework.format.number.NumberFormatAnnotationFormatterFactory" />
</set>
</property>
<property name="formatterRegistrars">
<set>
<bean class="org.springframework.format.datetime.joda.JodaTimeFormatterRegistrar">
<property name="dateFormatter">
<bean class="org.springframework.format.datetime.joda.DateTimeFormatterFactoryBean">
<property name="pattern" value="yyyyMMdd"/>
</bean>
</property>
</bean>
</set>
</property>
</bean>
</beans>
Joda-Time
provides separate distinct types to represent |
If
you are using Spring MVC remember to explicitly configure the
conversion service that is used. For Java based @Configuration
this
means extending the WebMvcConfigurationSupport
class
and overriding the mvcConversionService()
method.
For XML you should use the 'conversion-service'
attribute
of the mvc:annotation-driven
element.
See Conversion
and Formatting for details.
3.8. Spring Validation
Spring
3 introduces several enhancements to its validation support.
First, the JSR-303 Bean Validation API is now fully supported.
Second, when used programmatically, Spring’s DataBinder can now
validate objects as well as bind to them. Third, Spring MVC now
has support for declaratively validating @Controller
inputs.
3.8.1. Overview of the JSR-303 Bean Validation API
JSR-303 standardizes validation constraint declaration and metadata for the Java platform. Using this API, you annotate domain model properties with declarative validation constraints and the runtime enforces them. There are a number of built-in constraints you can take advantage of. You may also define your own custom constraints.
To illustrate, consider a simple PersonForm model with two properties:
public class PersonForm {
private String name;
private int age;
}
JSR-303 allows you to define declarative validation constraints against such properties:
public class PersonForm {
@NotNull
@Size(max=64)
private String name;
@Min(0)
private int age;
}
When an instance of this class is validated by a JSR-303 Validator, these constraints will be enforced.
For general information on JSR-303/JSR-349, see the Bean Validation website. For information on the specific capabilities of the default reference implementation, see the Hibernate Validator documentation. To learn how to setup a Bean Validation provider as a Spring bean, keep reading.
3.8.2. Configuring a Bean Validation Provider
Spring
provides full support for the Bean Validation API. This
includes convenient support for bootstrapping a
JSR-303/JSR-349 Bean Validation provider as a Spring bean.
This allows for a javax.validation.ValidatorFactory
or javax.validation.Validator
to
be injected wherever validation is needed in your application.
Use
the LocalValidatorFactoryBean
to
configure a default Validator as a Spring bean:
<bean id="validator"
class="org.springframework.validation.beanvalidation.LocalValidatorFactoryBean"/>
The basic configuration above will trigger Bean Validation to initialize using its default bootstrap mechanism. A JSR-303/JSR-349 provider, such as Hibernate Validator, is expected to be present in the classpath and will be detected automatically.
Injecting a Validator
LocalValidatorFactoryBean
implements
both javax.validation.ValidatorFactory
and javax.validation.Validator
,
as well as Spring’s org.springframework.validation.Validator
.
You may inject a reference to either of these interfaces
into beans that need to invoke validation logic.
Inject
a reference to javax.validation.Validator
if
you prefer to work with the Bean Validation API directly:
import javax.validation.Validator;
@Service
public class MyService {
@Autowired
private Validator validator;
Inject
a reference to org.springframework.validation.Validator
if
your bean requires the Spring Validation API:
import org.springframework.validation.Validator;
@Service
public class MyService {
@Autowired
private Validator validator;
}
Configuring Custom Constraints
Each
Bean Validation constraint consists of two parts. First, a @Constraint
annotation
that declares the constraint and its configurable
properties. Second, an implementation of the javax.validation.ConstraintValidator
interface
that implements the constraint’s behavior. To associate a
declaration with an implementation, each @Constraint
annotation
references a corresponding ValidationConstraint
implementation class. At runtime, a ConstraintValidatorFactory
instantiates
the referenced implementation when the constraint annotation
is encountered in your domain model.
By
default, the LocalValidatorFactoryBean
configures
a SpringConstraintValidatorFactory
that
uses Spring to create ConstraintValidator instances. This
allows your custom ConstraintValidators to benefit from
dependency injection like any other Spring bean.
Shown
below is an example of a custom @Constraint
declaration,
followed by an associated ConstraintValidator
implementation
that uses Spring for dependency injection:
@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Constraint(validatedBy=MyConstraintValidator.class)
public @interface MyConstraint {
}
import javax.validation.ConstraintValidator;
public class MyConstraintValidator implements ConstraintValidator {
@Autowired;
private Foo aDependency;
...
}
As you can see, a ConstraintValidator implementation may have its dependencies @Autowired like any other Spring bean.
Spring-driven Method Validation
The
method validation feature supported by Bean Validation 1.1,
and as a custom extension also by Hibernate Validator 4.3,
can be integrated into a Spring context through a MethodValidationPostProcessor
bean
definition:
<bean class="org.springframework.validation.beanvalidation.MethodValidationPostProcessor"/>
In
order to be eligible for Spring-driven method validation,
all target classes need to be annotated with Spring’s @Validated
annotation,
optionally declaring the validation groups to use. Check out
the MethodValidationPostProcessor
javadocs
for setup details with Hibernate Validator and Bean
Validation 1.1 providers.
Additional Configuration Options
The
default LocalValidatorFactoryBean
configuration
should prove sufficient for most cases. There are a number
of configuration options for various Bean Validation
constructs, from message interpolation to traversal
resolution. See theLocalValidatorFactoryBean
javadocs
for more information on these options.
3.8.3. Configuring a DataBinder
Since
Spring 3, a DataBinder instance can be configured with a
Validator. Once configured, the Validator may be invoked by
calling binder.validate()
.
Any validation Errors are automatically added to the binder’s
BindingResult.
When working with the DataBinder programmatically, this can be used to invoke validation logic after binding to a target object:
Foo target = new Foo();
DataBinder binder = new DataBinder(target);
binder.setValidator(new FooValidator());
// bind to the target object
binder.bind(propertyValues);
// validate the target object
binder.validate();
// get BindingResult that includes any validation errors
BindingResult results = binder.getBindingResult();
A
DataBinder can also be configured with multiple Validator
instances
via dataBinder.addValidators
and dataBinder.replaceValidators
.
This is useful when combining globally configured Bean
Validation with a Spring Validator
configured
locally on a DataBinder instance. See [validation-mvc-configuring].
3.8.4. Spring MVC 3 Validation
See Validation in the Spring MVC chapter.
4. Spring Expression Language (SpEL)
4.1. Introduction
The Spring Expression Language (SpEL for short) is a powerful expression language that supports querying and manipulating an object graph at runtime. The language syntax is similar to Unified EL but offers additional features, most notably method invocation and basic string templating functionality.
While there are several other Java expression languages available — OGNL, MVEL, and JBoss EL, to name a few — the Spring Expression Language was created to provide the Spring community with a single well supported expression language that can be used across all the products in the Spring portfolio. Its language features are driven by the requirements of the projects in the Spring portfolio, including tooling requirements for code completion support within the Eclipse based Spring Tool Suite. That said, SpEL is based on a technology agnostic API allowing other expression language implementations to be integrated should the need arise.
While SpEL serves as the foundation for expression evaluation within the Spring portfolio, it is not directly tied to Spring and can be used independently. In order to be self contained, many of the examples in this chapter use SpEL as if it were an independent expression language. This requires creating a few bootstrapping infrastructure classes such as the parser. Most Spring users will not need to deal with this infrastructure and will instead only author expression strings for evaluation. An example of this typical use is the integration of SpEL into creating XML or annotated based bean definitions as shown in the section Expression support for defining bean definitions.
This
chapter covers the features of the expression language, its API,
and its language syntax. In several places an Inventor
and
Inventor’s Society
classes
are used as the target objects for expression evaluation. These
class declarations and the data used to populate them are listed
at the end of the chapter.
The expression language supports the following functionality:
-
Literal expressions
-
Boolean and relational operators
-
Regular expressions
-
Class expressions
-
Accessing properties, arrays, lists, maps
-
Method invocation
-
Relational operators
-
Assignment
-
Calling constructors
-
Bean references
-
Array construction
-
Inline lists
-
Inline maps
-
Ternary operator
-
Variables
-
User defined functions
-
Collection projection
-
Collection selection
-
Templated expressions
4.2. Evaluation
This section introduces the simple use of SpEL interfaces and its expression language. The complete language reference can be found in the section Language Reference.
The following code introduces the SpEL API to evaluate the literal string expression 'Hello World'.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
Expression exp = parser.parseExpression("'Hello World'");
String message = (String) exp.getValue();
The value of the message variable is simply 'Hello World'.
The
SpEL classes and interfaces you are most likely to use are
located in the packages org.springframework.expression
and
its sub packages such as spel.support
.
The
interface ExpressionParser
is
responsible for parsing an expression string. In this example
the expression string is a string literal denoted by the
surrounding single quotes. The interface Expression
is
responsible for evaluating the previously defined expression
string. There are two exceptions that can be thrown, ParseException
and EvaluationException
when
calling parser.parseExpression
and exp.getValue
respectively.
SpEL supports a wide range of features, such as calling methods, accessing properties, and calling constructors.
As
an example of method invocation, we call the concat
method
on the string literal.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
Expression exp = parser.parseExpression("'Hello World'.concat('!')");
String message = (String) exp.getValue();
The value of message is now 'Hello World!'.
As
an example of calling a JavaBean property, the String property Bytes
can
be called as shown below.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
// invokes 'getBytes()'
Expression exp = parser.parseExpression("'Hello World'.bytes");
byte[] bytes = (byte[]) exp.getValue();
SpEL
also supports nested properties using standard dot notation,
i.e. prop1.prop2.prop3
and
the setting of property values
Public fields may also be accessed.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
// invokes 'getBytes().length'
Expression exp = parser.parseExpression("'Hello World'.bytes.length");
int length = (Integer) exp.getValue();
The String’s constructor can be called instead of using a string literal.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
Expression exp = parser.parseExpression("new String('hello world').toUpperCase()");
String message = exp.getValue(String.class);
Note
the use of the generic method public
<T> T getValue(Class<T> desiredResultType)
.
Using this method removes the need to cast the value of the
expression to the desired result type. An EvaluationException
will
be thrown if the value cannot be cast to the type T
or
converted using the registered type converter.
The
more common usage of SpEL is to provide an expression string
that is evaluated against a specific object instance (called the
root object). The example shows how to retrieve the name
property
from an instance of the Inventor
class
or create a boolean condition:
// Create and set a calendar
GregorianCalendar c = new GregorianCalendar();
c.set(1856, 7, 9);
// The constructor arguments are name, birthday, and nationality.
Inventor tesla = new Inventor("Nikola Tesla", c.getTime(), "Serbian");
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
Expression exp = parser.parseExpression("name");
String name = (String) exp.getValue(tesla);
// name == "Nikola Tesla"
exp = parser.parseExpression("name == 'Nikola Tesla'");
boolean result = exp.getValue(tesla, Boolean.class);
// result == true
EvaluationContext
4.2.1.The
interface EvaluationContext
is
used when evaluating an expression to resolve properties,
methods, or fields and to help perform type conversion. There
are two out-of-the-box implementations.
-
SimpleEvaluationContext
— exposes a subset of essential SpEL language features and configuration options, for categories of expressions that do not require the full extent of the SpEL language syntax and should be meaningfully restricted. Examples include but are not limited to data binding expressions, property-based filters, and others. -
StandardEvaluationContext
— exposes the full set of SpEL language features and configuration options. You may use it to specify a default root object and to configure every available evaluation-related strategy.
SimpleEvaluationContext
is
designed to support only a subset of the SpEL language syntax.
It excludes Java
type references, constructors, and bean references. It also
requires that one explicitly choose the level of support for
properties and methods in expressions. By default, the create()
static
factory method enables only read access to properties. You can
also obtain a builder to configure the exact level of support
needed, targeting one or some combination of the following:
-
Custom
PropertyAccessor
only (no reflection) -
Data binding properties for read-only access
-
Data binding properties for read and write
Type conversion
By
default SpEL uses the conversion service available in Spring
core (org.springframework.core.convert.ConversionService
).
This conversion service comes with many converters built in
for common conversions but is also fully extensible so
custom conversions between types can be added. Additionally
it has the key capability that it is generics aware. This
means that when working with generic types in expressions,
SpEL will attempt conversions to maintain type correctness
for any objects it encounters.
What
does this mean in practice? Suppose assignment, using setValue()
,
is being used to set a List
property.
The type of the property is actually List<Boolean>
.
SpEL will recognize that the elements of the list need to be
converted to Boolean
before
being placed in it. A simple example:
class Simple {
public List<Boolean> booleanList = new ArrayList<Boolean>();
}
Simple simple = new Simple();
simple.booleanList.add(true);
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext().forReadOnlyDataBinding().build();
// false is passed in here as a string. SpEL and the conversion service will
// correctly recognize that it needs to be a Boolean and convert it
parser.parseExpression("booleanList[0]").setValue(context, simple, "false");
// b will be false
Boolean b = simple.booleanList.get(0);
4.2.2. Parser configuration
It
is possible to configure the SpEL expression parser using a
parser configuration object (org.springframework.expression.spel.SpelParserConfiguration
).
The configuration object controls the behavior of some of the
expression components. For example, if indexing into an array
or collection and the element at the specified index is null
it
is possible to automatically create the element. This is
useful when using expressions made up of a chain of property
references. If indexing into an array or list and specifying
an index that is beyond the end of the current size of the
array or list it is possible to automatically grow the array
or list to accommodate that index.
class Demo {
public List<String> list;
}
// Turn on:
// - auto null reference initialization
// - auto collection growing
SpelParserConfiguration config = new SpelParserConfiguration(true,true);
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser(config);
Expression expression = parser.parseExpression("list[3]");
Demo demo = new Demo();
Object o = expression.getValue(demo);
// demo.list will now be a real collection of 4 entries
// Each entry is a new empty String
It is also possible to configure the behaviour of the SpEL expression compiler.
4.2.3. SpEL compilation
Spring Framework 4.1 includes a basic expression compiler. Expressions are usually interpreted which provides a lot of dynamic flexibility during evaluation but does not provide optimum performance. For occasional expression usage this is fine, but when used by other components like Spring Integration, performance can be very important and there is no real need for the dynamism.
The SpEL compiler is intended to address this need. The compiler will generate a real Java class on the fly during evaluation that embodies the expression behavior and use that to achieve much faster expression evaluation. Due to the lack of typing around expressions the compiler uses information gathered during the interpreted evaluations of an expression when performing compilation. For example, it does not know the type of a property reference purely from the expression, but during the first interpreted evaluation it will find out what it is. Of course, basing the compilation on this information could cause trouble later if the types of the various expression elements change over time. For this reason compilation is best suited to expressions whose type information is not going to change on repeated evaluations.
For a basic expression like this:
someArray[0].someProperty.someOtherProperty
< 0.1
which involves array access, some property derefencing and numeric operations, the performance gain can be very noticeable. In an example micro benchmark run of 50000 iterations, it was taking 75ms to evaluate using only the interpreter and just 3ms using the compiled version of the expression.
Compiler configuration
The compiler is not turned on by default, but there are two ways to turn it on. It can be turned on using the parser configuration process discussed earlier or via a system property when SpEL usage is embedded inside another component. This section discusses both of these options.
It
is important to understand that there are a few modes the
compiler can operate in, captured in an enum (org.springframework.expression.spel.SpelCompilerMode
).
The modes are as follows:
-
OFF
- The compiler is switched off; this is the default. -
IMMEDIATE
- In immediate mode the expressions are compiled as soon as possible. This is typically after the first interpreted evaluation. If the compiled expression fails (typically due to a type changing, as described above) then the caller of the expression evaluation will receive an exception. -
MIXED
- In mixed mode the expressions silently switch between interpreted and compiled mode over time. After some number of interpreted runs they will switch to compiled form and if something goes wrong with the compiled form (like a type changing, as described above) then the expression will automatically switch back to interpreted form again. Sometime later it may generate another compiled form and switch to it. Basically the exception that the user gets inIMMEDIATE
mode is instead handled internally.
IMMEDIATE
mode
exists because MIXED
mode
could cause issues for expressions that have side effects.
If a compiled expression blows up after partially succeeding
it may have already done something that has affected the
state of the system. If this has happened the caller may not
want it to silently re-run in interpreted mode since part of
the expression may be running twice.
After
selecting a mode, use the SpelParserConfiguration
to
configure the parser:
SpelParserConfiguration config = new SpelParserConfiguration(SpelCompilerMode.IMMEDIATE,
this.getClass().getClassLoader());
SpelExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser(config);
Expression expr = parser.parseExpression("payload");
MyMessage message = new MyMessage();
Object payload = expr.getValue(message);
When specifying the compiler mode it is also possible to specify a classloader (passing null is allowed). Compiled expressions will be defined in a child classloader created under any that is supplied. It is important to ensure if a classloader is specified it can see all the types involved in the expression evaluation process. If none is specified then a default classloader will be used (typically the context classloader for the thread that is running during expression evaluation).
The
second way to configure the compiler is for use when SpEL is
embedded inside some other component and it may not be
possible to configure via a configuration object. In these
cases it is possible to use a system property. The propertyspring.expression.compiler.mode
can
be set to one of the SpelCompilerMode
enum
values (off
, immediate
,
or mixed
).
Compiler limitations
Since Spring Framework 4.1 the basic compilation framework is in place. However, the framework does not yet support compiling every kind of expression. The initial focus has been on the common expressions that are likely to be used in performance critical contexts. The following kinds of expression cannot be compiled at the moment:
-
expressions involving assignment
-
expressions relying on the conversion service
-
expressions using custom resolvers or accessors
-
expressions using selection or projection
More and more types of expression will be compilable in the future.
4.3. Expressions in bean definitions
SpEL
expressions can be used with XML or annotation-based
configuration metadata for defining BeanDefinition
s.
In both cases the syntax to define the expression is of the form #{
<expression string> }
.
4.3.1. XML configuration
A property or constructor-arg value can be set using expressions as shown below.
<bean id="numberGuess" class="org.spring.samples.NumberGuess">
<property name="randomNumber" value="#{ T(java.lang.Math).random() * 100.0 }"/>
<!-- other properties -->
</bean>
The
variable systemProperties
is
predefined, so you can use it in your expressions as shown
below. Note that you do not have to prefix the predefined
variable with the #
symbol
in this context.
<bean id="taxCalculator" class="org.spring.samples.TaxCalculator">
<property name="defaultLocale" value="#{ systemProperties['user.region'] }"/>
<!-- other properties -->
</bean>
You can also refer to other bean properties by name, for example.
<bean id="numberGuess" class="org.spring.samples.NumberGuess">
<property name="randomNumber" value="#{ T(java.lang.Math).random() * 100.0 }"/>
<!-- other properties -->
</bean>
<bean id="shapeGuess" class="org.spring.samples.ShapeGuess">
<property name="initialShapeSeed" value="#{ numberGuess.randomNumber }"/>
<!-- other properties -->
</bean>
4.3.2. Annotation config
The @Value
annotation
can be placed on fields, methods and method/constructor
parameters to specify a default value.
Here is an example to set the default value of a field variable.
public static class FieldValueTestBean
@Value("#{ systemProperties['user.region'] }")
private String defaultLocale;
public void setDefaultLocale(String defaultLocale) {
this.defaultLocale = defaultLocale;
}
public String getDefaultLocale() {
return this.defaultLocale;
}
}
The equivalent but on a property setter method is shown below.
public static class PropertyValueTestBean
private String defaultLocale;
@Value("#{ systemProperties['user.region'] }")
public void setDefaultLocale(String defaultLocale) {
this.defaultLocale = defaultLocale;
}
public String getDefaultLocale() {
return this.defaultLocale;
}
}
Autowired
methods and constructors can also use the @Value
annotation.
public class SimpleMovieLister {
private MovieFinder movieFinder;
private String defaultLocale;
@Autowired
public void configure(MovieFinder movieFinder,
@Value("#{ systemProperties['user.region'] }") String defaultLocale) {
this.movieFinder = movieFinder;
this.defaultLocale = defaultLocale;
}
// ...
}
public class MovieRecommender {
private String defaultLocale;
private CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao;
@Autowired
public MovieRecommender(CustomerPreferenceDao customerPreferenceDao,
@Value("#{systemProperties['user.country']}") String defaultLocale) {
this.customerPreferenceDao = customerPreferenceDao;
this.defaultLocale = defaultLocale;
}
// ...
}
4.4. Language Reference
4.4.1. Literal expressions
The types of literal expressions supported are strings, numeric values (int, real, hex), boolean and null. Strings are delimited by single quotes. To put a single quote itself in a string, use two single quote characters.
The following listing shows simple usage of literals. Typically they would not be used in isolation like this but rather as part of a more complex expression, for example using a literal on one side of a logical comparison operator.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
// evals to "Hello World"
String helloWorld = (String) parser.parseExpression("'Hello World'").getValue();
double avogadrosNumber = (Double) parser.parseExpression("6.0221415E+23").getValue();
// evals to 2147483647
int maxValue = (Integer) parser.parseExpression("0x7FFFFFFF").getValue();
boolean trueValue = (Boolean) parser.parseExpression("true").getValue();
Object nullValue = parser.parseExpression("null").getValue();
Numbers support the use of the negative sign, exponential notation, and decimal points. By default real numbers are parsed using Double.parseDouble().
4.4.2. Properties, Arrays, Lists, Maps, Indexers
Navigating
with property references is easy: just use a period to
indicate a nested property value. The instances of the Inventor
class,
pupin, and tesla, were populated with data listed in the
section Classes
used in the examples. To navigate "down" and get Tesla’s
year of birth and Pupin’s city of birth the following
expressions are used.
// evals to 1856
int year = (Integer) parser.parseExpression("Birthdate.Year + 1900").getValue(context);
String city = (String) parser.parseExpression("placeOfBirth.City").getValue(context);
Case insensitivity is allowed for the first letter of property names. The contents of arrays and lists are obtained using square bracket notation.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadOnlyDataBinding().build();
// Inventions Array
// evaluates to "Induction motor"
String invention = parser.parseExpression("inventions[3]").getValue(
context, tesla, String.class);
// Members List
// evaluates to "Nikola Tesla"
String name = parser.parseExpression("Members[0].Name").getValue(
context, ieee, String.class);
// List and Array navigation
// evaluates to "Wireless communication"
String invention = parser.parseExpression("Members[0].Inventions[6]").getValue(
context, ieee, String.class);
The contents of maps are obtained by specifying the literal key value within the brackets. In this case, because keys for the Officers map are strings, we can specify string literals.
// Officer's Dictionary
Inventor pupin = parser.parseExpression("Officers['president']").getValue(
societyContext, Inventor.class);
// evaluates to "Idvor"
String city = parser.parseExpression("Officers['president'].PlaceOfBirth.City").getValue(
societyContext, String.class);
// setting values
parser.parseExpression("Officers['advisors'][0].PlaceOfBirth.Country").setValue(
societyContext, "Croatia");
4.4.3. Inline lists
Lists
can be expressed directly in an expression using {}
notation.
// evaluates to a Java list containing the four numbers
List numbers = (List) parser.parseExpression("{1,2,3,4}").getValue(context);
List listOfLists = (List) parser.parseExpression("{{'a','b'},{'x','y'}}").getValue(context);
{}
by
itself means an empty list. For performance reasons, if the
list is itself entirely composed of fixed literals then a
constant list is created to represent the expression, rather
than building a new list on each evaluation.
4.4.4. Inline Maps
Maps
can also be expressed directly in an expression using {key:value}
notation.
// evaluates to a Java map containing the two entries
Map inventorInfo = (Map) parser.parseExpression("{name:'Nikola',dob:'10-July-1856'}").getValue(context);
Map mapOfMaps = (Map) parser.parseExpression("{name:{first:'Nikola',last:'Tesla'},dob:{day:10,month:'July',year:1856}}").getValue(context);
{:}
by
itself means an empty map. For performance reasons, if the map
is itself composed of fixed literals or other nested constant
structures (lists or maps) then a constant map is created to
represent the expression, rather than building a new map on
each evaluation. Quoting of the map keys is optional, the
examples above are not using quoted keys.
4.4.5. Array construction
Arrays can be built using the familiar Java syntax, optionally supplying an initializer to have the array populated at construction time.
int[] numbers1 = (int[]) parser.parseExpression("new int[4]").getValue(context);
// Array with initializer
int[] numbers2 = (int[]) parser.parseExpression("new int[]{1,2,3}").getValue(context);
// Multi dimensional array
int[][] numbers3 = (int[][]) parser.parseExpression("new int[4][5]").getValue(context);
It is not currently allowed to supply an initializer when constructing a multi-dimensional array.
4.4.6. Methods
Methods are invoked using typical Java programming syntax. You may also invoke methods on literals. Varargs are also supported.
// string literal, evaluates to "bc"
String bc = parser.parseExpression("'abc'.substring(1, 3)").getValue(String.class);
// evaluates to true
boolean isMember = parser.parseExpression("isMember('Mihajlo Pupin')").getValue(
societyContext, Boolean.class);
4.4.7. Operators
Relational operators
The relational operators; equal, not equal, less than, less than or equal, greater than, and greater than or equal are supported using standard operator notation.
// evaluates to true
boolean trueValue = parser.parseExpression("2 == 2").getValue(Boolean.class);
// evaluates to false
boolean falseValue = parser.parseExpression("2 < -5.0").getValue(Boolean.class);
// evaluates to true
boolean trueValue = parser.parseExpression("'black' < 'block'").getValue(Boolean.class);
Greater/less-than
comparisons against If
you prefer numeric comparisons instead, please
avoid number-based |
In
addition to standard relational operators SpEL supports the instanceof
and
regular expression based matches
operator.
// evaluates to false
boolean falseValue = parser.parseExpression(
"'xyz' instanceof T(Integer)").getValue(Boolean.class);
// evaluates to true
boolean trueValue = parser.parseExpression(
"'5.00' matches '^-?\\d+(\\.\\d{2})?$'").getValue(Boolean.class);
//evaluates to false
boolean falseValue = parser.parseExpression(
"'5.0067' matches '^-?\\d+(\\.\\d{2})?$'").getValue(Boolean.class);
Be
careful with primitive types as they are
immediately boxed up to the wrapper type, so |
Each
symbolic operator can also be specified as a purely
alphabetic equivalent. This avoids problems where the
symbols used have special meaning for the document type in
which the expression is embedded (eg. an XML document). The
textual equivalents are shown here: lt
(<
), gt
(>
), le
(<=
), ge
(>=
), eq
(==
), ne
(!=
), div
(/
), mod
(%
), not
(!
).
These are case insensitive.
Logical operators
The logical operators that are supported are and, or, and not. Their use is demonstrated below.
// -- AND --
// evaluates to false
boolean falseValue = parser.parseExpression("true and false").getValue(Boolean.class);
// evaluates to true
String expression = "isMember('Nikola Tesla') and isMember('Mihajlo Pupin')";
boolean trueValue = parser.parseExpression(expression).getValue(societyContext, Boolean.class);
// -- OR --
// evaluates to true
boolean trueValue = parser.parseExpression("true or false").getValue(Boolean.class);
// evaluates to true
String expression = "isMember('Nikola Tesla') or isMember('Albert Einstein')";
boolean trueValue = parser.parseExpression(expression).getValue(societyContext, Boolean.class);
// -- NOT --
// evaluates to false
boolean falseValue = parser.parseExpression("!true").getValue(Boolean.class);
// -- AND and NOT --
String expression = "isMember('Nikola Tesla') and !isMember('Mihajlo Pupin')";
boolean falseValue = parser.parseExpression(expression).getValue(societyContext, Boolean.class);
Mathematical operators
The addition operator can be used on both numbers and strings. Subtraction, multiplication and division can be used only on numbers. Other mathematical operators supported are modulus (%) and exponential power (^). Standard operator precedence is enforced. These operators are demonstrated below.
// Addition
int two = parser.parseExpression("1 + 1").getValue(Integer.class); // 2
String testString = parser.parseExpression(
"'test' + ' ' + 'string'").getValue(String.class); // 'test string'
// Subtraction
int four = parser.parseExpression("1 - -3").getValue(Integer.class); // 4
double d = parser.parseExpression("1000.00 - 1e4").getValue(Double.class); // -9000
// Multiplication
int six = parser.parseExpression("-2 * -3").getValue(Integer.class); // 6
double twentyFour = parser.parseExpression("2.0 * 3e0 * 4").getValue(Double.class); // 24.0
// Division
int minusTwo = parser.parseExpression("6 / -3").getValue(Integer.class); // -2
double one = parser.parseExpression("8.0 / 4e0 / 2").getValue(Double.class); // 1.0
// Modulus
int three = parser.parseExpression("7 % 4").getValue(Integer.class); // 3
int one = parser.parseExpression("8 / 5 % 2").getValue(Integer.class); // 1
// Operator precedence
int minusTwentyOne = parser.parseExpression("1+2-3*8").getValue(Integer.class); // -21
4.4.8. Assignment
Setting
of a property is done by using the assignment operator. This
would typically be done within a call to setValue
but
can also be done inside a call to getValue
.
Inventor inventor = new Inventor();
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadWriteDataBinding().build();
parser.parseExpression("Name").setValue(context, inventor, "Aleksandar Seovic");
// alternatively
String aleks = parser.parseExpression(
"Name = 'Aleksandar Seovic'").getValue(context, inventor, String.class);
4.4.9. Types
The
special T
operator
can be used to specify an instance of java.lang.Class (the type).
Static methods are invoked using this operator as well. The StandardEvaluationContext
uses
a TypeLocator
to
find types and the StandardTypeLocator
(which
can be replaced) is built with an understanding of the
java.lang package. This means T() references to types within
java.lang do not need to be fully qualified, but all other
type references must be.
Class dateClass = parser.parseExpression("T(java.util.Date)").getValue(Class.class);
Class stringClass = parser.parseExpression("T(String)").getValue(Class.class);
boolean trueValue = parser.parseExpression(
"T(java.math.RoundingMode).CEILING < T(java.math.RoundingMode).FLOOR")
.getValue(Boolean.class);
4.4.10. Constructors
Constructors can be invoked using the new operator. The fully qualified class name should be used for all but the primitive type and String (where int, float, etc, can be used).
Inventor einstein = p.parseExpression(
"new org.spring.samples.spel.inventor.Inventor('Albert Einstein', 'German')")
.getValue(Inventor.class);
//create new inventor instance within add method of List
p.parseExpression(
"Members.add(new org.spring.samples.spel.inventor.Inventor(
'Albert Einstein', 'German'))").getValue(societyContext);
4.4.11. Variables
Variables
can be referenced in the expression using the syntax #variableName
.
Variables are set using the method setVariable
on EvaluationContext
implementations.
Inventor tesla = new Inventor("Nikola Tesla", "Serbian");
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadWriteDataBinding().build();
context.setVariable("newName", "Mike Tesla");
parser.parseExpression("Name = #newName").getValue(context, tesla);
System.out.println(tesla.getName()) // "Mike Tesla"
The #this and #root variables
The
variable #this
is
always defined and refers to the current evaluation object
(against which unqualified references are resolved). The
variable #root
is
always defined and refers to the root context object.
Although #this
may
vary as components of an expression are evaluated, #root
always
refers to the root.
// create an array of integers
List<Integer> primes = new ArrayList<Integer>();
primes.addAll(Arrays.asList(2,3,5,7,11,13,17));
// create parser and set variable 'primes' as the array of integers
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadOnlyDataAccess();
context.setVariable("primes", primes);
// all prime numbers > 10 from the list (using selection ?{...})
// evaluates to [11, 13, 17]
List<Integer> primesGreaterThanTen = (List<Integer>) parser.parseExpression(
"#primes.?[#this>10]").getValue(context);
4.4.12. Functions
You
can extend SpEL by registering user defined functions that can
be called within the expression string. The function is
registered through the EvaluationContext
.
Method method = ...;
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadOnlyDataBinding().build();
context.setVariable("myFunction", method);
For example, given a utility method to reverse a string is shown below:
public abstract class StringUtils {
public static String reverseString(String input) {
StringBuilder backwards = new StringBuilder(input.length());
for (int i = 0; i < input.length(); i++)
backwards.append(input.charAt(input.length() - 1 - i));
}
return backwards.toString();
}
}
The above method can then be registered and used as follows:
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadOnlyDataBinding().build();
context.setVariable("reverseString",
StringUtils.class.getDeclaredMethod("reverseString", String.class));
String helloWorldReversed = parser.parseExpression(
"#reverseString('hello')").getValue(context, String.class);
4.4.13. Bean references
If
the evaluation context has been configured with a bean
resolver it is possible to look up beans from an expression
using the @
symbol.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
StandardEvaluationContext context = new StandardEvaluationContext();
context.setBeanResolver(new MyBeanResolver());
// This will end up calling resolve(context,"foo") on MyBeanResolver during evaluation
Object bean = parser.parseExpression("@foo").getValue(context);
To
access a factory bean itself, the bean name should instead be
prefixed with an &
symbol.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
StandardEvaluationContext context = new StandardEvaluationContext();
context.setBeanResolver(new MyBeanResolver());
// This will end up calling resolve(context,"&foo") on MyBeanResolver during evaluation
Object bean = parser.parseExpression("&foo").getValue(context);
4.4.14. Ternary Operator (If-Then-Else)
You can use the ternary operator for performing if-then-else conditional logic inside the expression. A minimal example is:
String falseString = parser.parseExpression(
"false ? 'trueExp' : 'falseExp'").getValue(String.class);
In
this case, the boolean false results in returning the string
value 'falseExp'
.
A more realistic example is shown below.
parser.parseExpression("Name").setValue(societyContext, "IEEE");
societyContext.setVariable("queryName", "Nikola Tesla");
expression = "isMember(#queryName)? #queryName + ' is a member of the ' " +
"+ Name + ' Society' : #queryName + ' is not a member of the ' + Name + ' Society'";
String queryResultString = parser.parseExpression(expression)
.getValue(societyContext, String.class);
// queryResultString = "Nikola Tesla is a member of the IEEE Society"
Also see the next section on the Elvis operator for an even shorter syntax for the ternary operator.
4.4.15. The Elvis Operator
The Elvis operator is a shortening of the ternary operator syntax and is used in the Groovy language. With the ternary operator syntax you usually have to repeat a variable twice, for example:
String name = "Elvis Presley";
String displayName = (name != null ? name : "Unknown");
Instead you can use the Elvis operator, named for the resemblance to Elvis' hair style.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
String name = parser.parseExpression("name?:'Unknown'").getValue(String.class);
System.out.println(name); // 'Unknown'
Here is a more complex example.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadOnlyDataBinding().build();
Inventor tesla = new Inventor("Nikola Tesla", "Serbian");
String name = parser.parseExpression("Name?:'Elvis Presley'").getValue(context, tesla, String.class);
System.out.println(name); // Nikola Tesla
tesla.setName(null);
name = parser.parseExpression("Name?:'Elvis Presley'").getValue(context, tesla, String.class);
System.out.println(name); // Elvis Presley
4.4.16. Safe Navigation operator
The
Safe Navigation operator is used to avoid a NullPointerException
and
comes from the Groovy language.
Typically when you have a reference to an object you might
need to verify that it is not null before accessing methods or
properties of the object. To avoid this, the safe navigation
operator will simply return null instead of throwing an
exception.
ExpressionParser parser = new SpelExpressionParser();
EvaluationContext context = SimpleEvaluationContext.forReadOnlyDataBinding().build();
Inventor tesla = new Inventor("Nikola Tesla", "Serbian");
tesla.setPlaceOfBirth(new PlaceOfBirth("Smiljan"));
String city = parser.parseExpression("PlaceOfBirth?.City").getValue(context, tesla, String.class);
System.out.println(city); // Smiljan
tesla.setPlaceOfBirth(null);
city = parser.parseExpression("PlaceOfBirth?.City").getValue(context, tesla, String.class);
System.out.println(city); // null - does not throw NullPointerException!!!
The
Elvis operator can be used to apply default values
in expressions, e.g. in an
This
will inject a system property |
4.4.17. Collection Selection
Selection is a powerful expression language feature that allows you to transform some source collection into another by selecting from its entries.
Selection
uses the syntax .?[selectionExpression]
.
This will filter the collection and return a new collection
containing a subset of the original elements. For example,
selection would allow us to easily get a list of Serbian
inventors:
List<Inventor> list = (List<Inventor>) parser.parseExpression(
"Members.?[Nationality == 'Serbian']").getValue(societyContext);
Selection
is possible upon both lists and maps. In the former case the
selection criteria is evaluated against each individual list
element whilst against a map the selection criteria is
evaluated against each map entry (objects of the Java type Map.Entry
).
Map entries have their key and value accessible as properties
for use in the selection.
This expression will return a new map consisting of those elements of the original map where the entry value is less than 27.
Map newMap = parser.parseExpression("map.?[value<27]").getValue();
In
addition to returning all the selected elements, it is
possible to retrieve just the first or the last value. To
obtain the first entry matching the selection the syntax is .^[selectionExpression]
whilst
to obtain the last matching selection the syntax is.$[selectionExpression]
.
4.4.18. Collection Projection
Projection
allows a collection to drive the evaluation of a
sub-expression and the result is a new collection. The syntax
for projection is .![projectionExpression]
.
Most easily understood by example, suppose we have a list of
inventors but want the list of cities where they were born.
Effectively we want to evaluate 'placeOfBirth.city' for every
entry in the inventor list. Using projection:
// returns ['Smiljan', 'Idvor' ]
List placesOfBirth = (List)parser.parseExpression("Members.![placeOfBirth.city]");
A
map can also be used to drive projection and in this case the
projection expression is evaluated against each entry in the
map (represented as a Java Map.Entry
).
The result of a projection across a map is a list consisting
of the evaluation of the projection expression against each
map entry.
4.4.19. Expression templating
Expression
templates allow a mixing of literal text with one or more
evaluation blocks. Each evaluation block is delimited with
prefix and suffix characters that you can define, a common
choice is to use #{
}
as the delimiters. For example,
String randomPhrase = parser.parseExpression(
"random number is #{T(java.lang.Math).random()}",
new TemplateParserContext()).getValue(String.class);
// evaluates to "random number is 0.7038186818312008"
The
string is evaluated by concatenating the literal text 'random
number is '
with the result of
evaluating the expression inside the #{
}
delimiter, in this case the
result of calling that random()
method.
The second argument to the method parseExpression()
is
of the type ParserContext
.
The ParserContext
interface
is used to influence how the expression is parsed in order to
support the expression templating functionality. The
definition of TemplateParserContext
is
shown below.
public class TemplateParserContext implements ParserContext {
public String getExpressionPrefix() {
return "#{";
}
public String getExpressionSuffix() {
return "}";
}
public boolean isTemplate() {
return true;
}
}
4.5. Classes used in the examples
Inventor.java
package org.spring.samples.spel.inventor;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;
public class Inventor {
private String name;
private String nationality;
private String[] inventions;
private Date birthdate;
private PlaceOfBirth placeOfBirth;
public Inventor(String name, String nationality) {
GregorianCalendar c= new GregorianCalendar();
this.name = name;
this.nationality = nationality;
this.birthdate = c.getTime();
}
public Inventor(String name, Date birthdate, String nationality) {
this.name = name;
this.nationality = nationality;
this.birthdate = birthdate;
}
public Inventor() {
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getNationality() {
return nationality;
}
public void setNationality(String nationality) {
this.nationality = nationality;
}
public Date getBirthdate() {
return birthdate;
}
public void setBirthdate(Date birthdate) {
this.birthdate = birthdate;
}
public PlaceOfBirth getPlaceOfBirth() {
return placeOfBirth;
}
public void setPlaceOfBirth(PlaceOfBirth placeOfBirth) {
this.placeOfBirth = placeOfBirth;
}
public void setInventions(String[] inventions) {
this.inventions = inventions;
}
public String[] getInventions() {
return inventions;
}
}
PlaceOfBirth.java
package org.spring.samples.spel.inventor;
public class PlaceOfBirth {
private String city;
private String country;
public PlaceOfBirth(String city) {
this.city=city;
}
public PlaceOfBirth(String city, String country) {
this(city);
this.country = country;
}
public String getCity() {
return city;
}
public void setCity(String s) {
this.city = s;
}
public String getCountry() {
return country;
}
public void setCountry(String country) {
this.country = country;
}
}
Society.java
package org.spring.samples.spel.inventor;
import java.util.*;
public class Society {
private String name;
public static String Advisors = "advisors";
public static String President = "president";
private List<Inventor> members = new ArrayList<Inventor>();
private Map officers = new HashMap();
public List getMembers() {
return members;
}
public Map getOfficers() {
return officers;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public boolean isMember(String name) {
for (Inventor inventor : members) {
if (inventor.getName().equals(name)) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
}
5. Aspect Oriented Programming with Spring
5.1. Introduction
Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) complements Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) by providing another way of thinking about program structure. The key unit of modularity in OOP is the class, whereas in AOP the unit of modularity is the aspect. Aspects enable the modularization of concerns such as transaction management that cut across multiple types and objects. (Such concerns are often termed crosscutting concerns in AOP literature.)
One of the key components of Spring is the AOP framework. While the Spring IoC container does not depend on AOP, meaning you do not need to use AOP if you don’t want to, AOP complements Spring IoC to provide a very capable middleware solution.
AOP is used in the Spring Framework to…
-
… provide declarative enterprise services, especially as a replacement for EJB declarative services. The most important such service is declarative transaction management.
-
… allow users to implement custom aspects, complementing their use of OOP with AOP.
If you are interested only in generic declarative services or other pre-packaged declarative middleware services such as pooling, you do not need to work directly with Spring AOP, and can skip most of this chapter. |
5.1.1. AOP concepts
Let us begin by defining some central AOP concepts and terminology. These terms are not Spring-specific… unfortunately, AOP terminology is not particularly intuitive; however, it would be even more confusing if Spring used its own terminology.
-
Aspect: a modularization of a concern that cuts across multiple classes. Transaction management is a good example of a crosscutting concern in enterprise Java applications. In Spring AOP, aspects are implemented using regular classes (the schema-based approach) or regular classes annotated with the
@Aspect
annotation (the@AspectJ
style). -
Join point: a point during the execution of a program, such as the execution of a method or the handling of an exception. In Spring AOP, a join point always represents a method execution.
-
Advice: action taken by an aspect at a particular join point. Different types of advice include "around", "before" and "after" advice. (Advice types are discussed below.) Many AOP frameworks, including Spring, model an advice as an interceptor, maintaining a chain of interceptors around the join point.
-
Pointcut: a predicate that matches join points. Advice is associated with a pointcut expression and runs at any join point matched by the pointcut (for example, the execution of a method with a certain name). The concept of join points as matched by pointcut expressions is central to AOP, and Spring uses the AspectJ pointcut expression language by default.
-
Introduction: declaring additional methods or fields on behalf of a type. Spring AOP allows you to introduce new interfaces (and a corresponding implementation) to any advised object. For example, you could use an introduction to make a bean implement an
IsModified
interface, to simplify caching. (An introduction is known as an inter-type declaration in the AspectJ community.) -
Target object: object being advised by one or more aspects. Also referred to as the advised object. Since Spring AOP is implemented using runtime proxies, this object will always be a proxied object.
-
AOP proxy: an object created by the AOP framework in order to implement the aspect contracts (advise method executions and so on). In the Spring Framework, an AOP proxy will be a JDK dynamic proxy or a CGLIB proxy.
-
Weaving: linking aspects with other application types or objects to create an advised object. This can be done at compile time (using the AspectJ compiler, for example), load time, or at runtime. Spring AOP, like other pure Java AOP frameworks, performs weaving at runtime.
Types of advice:
-
Before advice: Advice that executes before a join point, but which does not have the ability to prevent execution flow proceeding to the join point (unless it throws an exception).
-
After returning advice: Advice to be executed after a join point completes normally: for example, if a method returns without throwing an exception.
-
After throwing advice: Advice to be executed if a method exits by throwing an exception.
-
After (finally) advice: Advice to be executed regardless of the means by which a join point exits (normal or exceptional return).
-
Around advice: Advice that surrounds a join point such as a method invocation. This is the most powerful kind of advice. Around advice can perform custom behavior before and after the method invocation. It is also responsible for choosing whether to proceed to the join point or to shortcut the advised method execution by returning its own return value or throwing an exception.
Around
advice is the most general kind of advice. Since Spring AOP,
like AspectJ, provides a full range of advice types, we
recommend that you use the least powerful advice type that can
implement the required behavior. For example, if you need only
to update a cache with the return value of a method, you are
better off implementing an after returning advice than an
around advice, although an around advice can accomplish the
same thing. Using the most specific advice type provides a
simpler programming model with less potential for errors. For
example, you do not need to invoke the proceed()
method
on the JoinPoint
used
for around advice, and hence cannot fail to invoke it.
In
Spring 2.0, all advice parameters are statically typed, so
that you work with advice parameters of the appropriate type
(the type of the return value from a method execution for
example) rather than Object
arrays.
The concept of join points, matched by pointcuts, is the key to AOP which distinguishes it from older technologies offering only interception. Pointcuts enable advice to be targeted independently of the Object-Oriented hierarchy. For example, an around advice providing declarative transaction management can be applied to a set of methods spanning multiple objects (such as all business operations in the service layer).
5.1.2. Spring AOP capabilities and goals
Spring AOP is implemented in pure Java. There is no need for a special compilation process. Spring AOP does not need to control the class loader hierarchy, and is thus suitable for use in a Servlet container or application server.
Spring AOP currently supports only method execution join points (advising the execution of methods on Spring beans). Field interception is not implemented, although support for field interception could be added without breaking the core Spring AOP APIs. If you need to advise field access and update join points, consider a language such as AspectJ.
Spring AOP’s approach to AOP differs from that of most other AOP frameworks. The aim is not to provide the most complete AOP implementation (although Spring AOP is quite capable); it is rather to provide a close integration between AOP implementation and Spring IoC to help solve common problems in enterprise applications.
Thus, for example, the Spring Framework’s AOP functionality is normally used in conjunction with the Spring IoC container. Aspects are configured using normal bean definition syntax (although this allows powerful "autoproxying" capabilities): this is a crucial difference from other AOP implementations. There are some things you cannot do easily or efficiently with Spring AOP, such as advise very fine-grained objects (such as domain objects typically): AspectJ is the best choice in such cases. However, our experience is that Spring AOP provides an excellent solution to most problems in enterprise Java applications that are amenable to AOP.
Spring AOP will never strive to compete with AspectJ to provide a comprehensive AOP solution. We believe that both proxy-based frameworks like Spring AOP and full-blown frameworks such as AspectJ are valuable, and that they are complementary, rather than in competition. Spring seamlessly integrates Spring AOP and IoC with AspectJ, to enable all uses of AOP to be catered for within a consistent Spring-based application architecture. This integration does not affect the Spring AOP API or the AOP Alliance API: Spring AOP remains backward-compatible. See the following chapter for a discussion of the Spring AOP APIs.
One of the central tenets of the Spring Framework is that of non-invasiveness; this is the idea that you should not be forced to introduce framework-specific classes and interfaces into your business/domain model. However, in some places the Spring Framework does give you the option to introduce Spring Framework-specific dependencies into your codebase: the rationale in giving you such options is because in certain scenarios it might be just plain easier to read or code some specific piece of functionality in such a way. The Spring Framework (almost) always offers you the choice though: you have the freedom to make an informed decision as to which option best suits your particular use case or scenario. One such choice that is relevant to this chapter is that of which AOP framework (and which AOP style) to choose. You have the choice of AspectJ and/or Spring AOP, and you also have the choice of either the @AspectJ annotation-style approach or the Spring XML configuration-style approach. The fact that this chapter chooses to introduce the @AspectJ-style approach first should not be taken as an indication that the Spring team favors the @AspectJ annotation-style approach over the Spring XML configuration-style. See Choosing which AOP declaration style to use for a more complete discussion of the whys and wherefores of each style. |
5.1.3. AOP Proxies
Spring AOP defaults to using standard JDK dynamic proxies for AOP proxies. This enables any interface (or set of interfaces) to be proxied.
Spring AOP can also use CGLIB proxies. This is necessary to proxy classes rather than interfaces. CGLIB is used by default if a business object does not implement an interface. As it is good practice to program to interfaces rather than classes; business classes normally will implement one or more business interfaces. It is possible to force the use of CGLIB, in those (hopefully rare) cases where you need to advise a method that is not declared on an interface, or where you need to pass a proxied object to a method as a concrete type.
It is important to grasp the fact that Spring AOP is proxy-based. See Understanding AOP proxies for a thorough examination of exactly what this implementation detail actually means.
5.2. @AspectJ support
@AspectJ refers to a style of declaring aspects as regular Java classes annotated with annotations. The @AspectJ style was introduced by the AspectJ project as part of the AspectJ 5 release. Spring interprets the same annotations as AspectJ 5, using a library supplied by AspectJ for pointcut parsing and matching. The AOP runtime is still pure Spring AOP though, and there is no dependency on the AspectJ compiler or weaver.
Using the AspectJ compiler and weaver enables use of the full AspectJ language, and is discussed in Using AspectJ with Spring applications. |
5.2.1. Enabling @AspectJ Support
To use @AspectJ aspects in a Spring configuration you need to enable Spring support for configuring Spring AOP based on @AspectJ aspects, and autoproxying beans based on whether or not they are advised by those aspects. By autoproxying we mean that if Spring determines that a bean is advised by one or more aspects, it will automatically generate a proxy for that bean to intercept method invocations and ensure that advice is executed as needed.
The
@AspectJ support can be enabled with XML or Java style
configuration. In either case you will also need to ensure
that AspectJ’s aspectjweaver.jar
library
is on the classpath of your application (version 1.8 or
later). This library is available in the'lib'
directory
of an AspectJ distribution or via the Maven Central
repository.
Enabling @AspectJ Support with Java configuration
To
enable @AspectJ support with Java @Configuration
add
the @EnableAspectJAutoProxy
annotation:
@Configuration
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy
public class AppConfig {
}
Enabling @AspectJ Support with XML configuration
To
enable @AspectJ support with XML based configuration use the aop:aspectj-autoproxy
element:
<aop:aspectj-autoproxy/>
This
assumes that you are using schema support as described in XML
Schema-based configuration. See the
AOP schema for how to import the
tags in the aop
namespace.
5.2.2. Declaring an aspect
With
the @AspectJ support enabled, any bean defined in your
application context with a class that is an @AspectJ aspect
(has the @Aspect
annotation)
will be automatically detected by Spring and used to configure
Spring AOP. The following example shows the minimal definition
required for a not-very-useful aspect:
A
regular bean definition in the application context, pointing
to a bean class that has the @Aspect
annotation:
<bean id="myAspect" class="org.xyz.NotVeryUsefulAspect">
<!-- configure properties of aspect here as normal -->
</bean>
And
the NotVeryUsefulAspect
class
definition, annotated with org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect
annotation;
package org.xyz;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
@Aspect
public class NotVeryUsefulAspect {
}
Aspects
(classes annotated with @Aspect
)
may have methods and fields just like any other class. They
may also contain pointcut, advice, and introduction
(inter-type) declarations.
Autodetecting
aspects through component scanning
You may register aspect classes as regular beans in your Spring XML configuration, or autodetect them through classpath scanning - just like any other Spring-managed bean. However, note that the @Aspect annotation is not sufficient for autodetection in the classpath: For that purpose, you need to add a separate @Componentannotation (or alternatively a custom stereotype annotation that qualifies, as per the rules of Spring’s component scanner). |
Advising
aspects with other aspects?
In Spring AOP, it is not possible to have aspects themselves be the target of advice from other aspects. The @Aspect annotation on a class marks it as an aspect, and hence excludes it from auto-proxying. |
5.2.3. Declaring a pointcut
Recall
that pointcuts determine join points of interest, and thus
enable us to control when advice executes. Spring
AOP only supports method execution join points for Spring
beans, so you can think of a pointcut as matching the
execution of methods on Spring beans. A pointcut declaration
has two parts: a signature comprising a name and any
parameters, and a pointcut expression that determines exactly which
method executions we are interested in. In the @AspectJ
annotation-style of AOP, a pointcut signature is provided by a
regular method definition, and the pointcut expression is
indicated using the @Pointcut
annotation
(the method serving as the pointcut signature must have
a void
return
type).
An
example will help make this distinction between a pointcut
signature and a pointcut expression clear. The following
example defines a pointcut named 'anyOldTransfer'
that
will match the execution of any method named 'transfer'
:
@Pointcut("execution(* transfer(..))")// the pointcut expression
private void anyOldTransfer() {}// the pointcut signature
The
pointcut expression that forms the value of the @Pointcut
annotation
is a regular AspectJ 5 pointcut expression. For a full
discussion of AspectJ’s pointcut language, see the AspectJ
Programming Guide (and for extensions,
the AspectJ
5 Developers Notebook) or one of the books on AspectJ
such as "Eclipse AspectJ" by Colyer et. al. or "AspectJ in
Action" by Ramnivas Laddad.
Supported Pointcut Designators
Spring AOP supports the following AspectJ pointcut designators (PCD) for use in pointcut expressions:
-
execution - for matching method execution join points, this is the primary pointcut designator you will use when working with Spring AOP
-
within - limits matching to join points within certain types (simply the execution of a method declared within a matching type when using Spring AOP)
-
this - limits matching to join points (the execution of methods when using Spring AOP) where the bean reference (Spring AOP proxy) is an instance of the given type
-
target - limits matching to join points (the execution of methods when using Spring AOP) where the target object (application object being proxied) is an instance of the given type
-
args - limits matching to join points (the execution of methods when using Spring AOP) where the arguments are instances of the given types
-
@target - limits matching to join points (the execution of methods when using Spring AOP) where the class of the executing object has an annotation of the given type
-
@args - limits matching to join points (the execution of methods when using Spring AOP) where the runtime type of the actual arguments passed have annotations of the given type(s)
-
@within - limits matching to join points within types that have the given annotation (the execution of methods declared in types with the given annotation when using Spring AOP)
-
@annotation - limits matching to join points where the subject of the join point (method being executed in Spring AOP) has the given annotation
Because
Spring AOP limits matching to only method execution join
points, the discussion of the pointcut designators above
gives a narrower definition than you will find in the
AspectJ programming guide. In addition, AspectJ itself has
type-based semantics and at an execution join point both this
and target
refer
to the same object - the object executing the method. Spring
AOP is a proxy-based system and differentiates between the
proxy object itself (bound to this
)
and the target object behind the proxy (bound to target
).
Due to the proxy-based nature of Spring’s AOP framework, calls within the target object are by definition notintercepted. For JDK proxies, only public interface method calls on the proxy can be intercepted. With CGLIB, public and protected method calls on the proxy will be intercepted, and even package-visible methods if necessary. However, common interactions through proxies should always be designed through public signatures. Note that pointcut definitions are generally matched against any intercepted method. If a pointcut is strictly meant to be public-only, even in a CGLIB proxy scenario with potential non-public interactions through proxies, it needs to be defined accordingly. If your interception needs include method calls or even constructors within the target class, consider the use of Spring-driven native AspectJ weaving instead of Spring’s proxy-based AOP framework. This constitutes a different mode of AOP usage with different characteristics, so be sure to make yourself familiar with weaving first before making a decision. |
Spring
AOP also supports an additional PCD named bean
.
This PCD allows you to limit the matching of join points to
a particular named Spring bean, or to a set of named Spring
beans (when using wildcards). The bean
PCD
has the following form:
bean(idOrNameOfBean)
The idOrNameOfBean
token
can be the name of any Spring bean: limited wildcard support
using the *
character
is provided, so if you establish some naming conventions for
your Spring beans you can quite easily write a bean
PCD
expression to pick them out. As is the case with other
pointcut designators, the bean
PCD
can be &&'ed, ||'ed, and ! (negated) too.
Please
note that the The |
Combining pointcut expressions
Pointcut
expressions can be combined using '&&', '||' and
'!'. It is also possible to refer to pointcut expressions by
name. The following example shows three pointcut
expressions: anyPublicOperation
(which
matches if a method execution join point represents the
execution of any public method); inTrading
(which
matches if a method execution is in the trading module), and tradingOperation
(which
matches if a method execution represents any public method
in the trading module).
@Pointcut("execution(public * *(..))")
private void anyPublicOperation() {}
@Pointcut("within(com.xyz.someapp.trading..*)")
private void inTrading() {}
@Pointcut("anyPublicOperation() && inTrading()")
private void tradingOperation() {}
It is a best practice to build more complex pointcut expressions out of smaller named components as shown above. When referring to pointcuts by name, normal Java visibility rules apply (you can see private pointcuts in the same type, protected pointcuts in the hierarchy, public pointcuts anywhere and so on). Visibility does not affect pointcut matching.
Sharing common pointcut definitions
When working with enterprise applications, you often want to refer to modules of the application and particular sets of operations from within several aspects. We recommend defining a "SystemArchitecture" aspect that captures common pointcut expressions for this purpose. A typical such aspect would look as follows:
package com.xyz.someapp;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut;
@Aspect
public class SystemArchitecture {
/**
* A join point is in the web layer if the method is defined
* in a type in the com.xyz.someapp.web package or any sub-package
* under that.
*/
@Pointcut("within(com.xyz.someapp.web..*)")
public void inWebLayer() {}
/**
* A join point is in the service layer if the method is defined
* in a type in the com.xyz.someapp.service package or any sub-package
* under that.
*/
@Pointcut("within(com.xyz.someapp.service..*)")
public void inServiceLayer() {}
/**
* A join point is in the data access layer if the method is defined
* in a type in the com.xyz.someapp.dao package or any sub-package
* under that.
*/
@Pointcut("within(com.xyz.someapp.dao..*)")
public void inDataAccessLayer() {}
/**
* A business service is the execution of any method defined on a service
* interface. This definition assumes that interfaces are placed in the
* "service" package, and that implementation types are in sub-packages.
*
* If you group service interfaces by functional area (for example,
* in packages com.xyz.someapp.abc.service and com.xyz.someapp.def.service) then
* the pointcut expression "execution(* com.xyz.someapp..service.*.*(..))"
* could be used instead.
*
* Alternatively, you can write the expression using the 'bean'
* PCD, like so "bean(*Service)". (This assumes that you have
* named your Spring service beans in a consistent fashion.)
*/
@Pointcut("execution(* com.xyz.someapp..service.*.*(..))")
public void businessService() {}
/**
* A data access operation is the execution of any method defined on a
* dao interface. This definition assumes that interfaces are placed in the
* "dao" package, and that implementation types are in sub-packages.
*/
@Pointcut("execution(* com.xyz.someapp.dao.*.*(..))")
public void dataAccessOperation() {}
}
The pointcuts defined in such an aspect can be referred to anywhere that you need a pointcut expression. For example, to make the service layer transactional, you could write:
<aop:config>
<aop:advisor
pointcut="com.xyz.someapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService()"
advice-ref="tx-advice"/>
</aop:config>
<tx:advice id="tx-advice">
<tx:attributes>
<tx:method name="*" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
</tx:attributes>
</tx:advice>
The <aop:config>
and <aop:advisor>
elements
are discussed in Schema-based
AOP support. The transaction elements are discussed in Transaction
Management.
Examples
Spring
AOP users are likely to use the execution
pointcut
designator the most often. The format of an execution
expression is:
execution(modifiers-pattern? ret-type-pattern declaring-type-pattern?name-pattern(param-pattern)
throws-pattern?)
All
parts except the returning type pattern (ret-type-pattern in
the snippet above), name pattern, and parameters pattern are
optional. The returning type pattern determines what the
return type of the method must be in order for a join point
to be matched. Most frequently you will use *
as
the returning type pattern, which matches any return type. A
fully-qualified type name will match only when the method
returns the given type. The name pattern matches the method
name. You can use the *
wildcard
as all or part of a name pattern. If specifying a declaring
type pattern then include a trailing .
to
join it to the name pattern component. The parameters
pattern is slightly more complex: ()
matches
a method that takes no parameters, whereas (..)
matches
any number of parameters (zero or more). The pattern (*)
matches
a method taking one parameter of any type, (*,String)
matches
a method taking two parameters, the first can be of any
type, the second must be a String. Consult the Language
Semantics section of the AspectJ
Programming Guide for more information.
Some examples of common pointcut expressions are given below.
-
the execution of any public method:
execution(public * *(..))
-
the execution of any method with a name beginning with "set":
execution(* set*(..))
-
the execution of any method defined by the
AccountService
interface:
execution(* com.xyz.service.AccountService.*(..))
-
the execution of any method defined in the service package:
execution(* com.xyz.service.*.*(..))
-
the execution of any method defined in the service package or a sub-package:
execution(* com.xyz.service..*.*(..))
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) within the service package:
within(com.xyz.service.*)
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) within the service package or a sub-package:
within(com.xyz.service..*)
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) where the proxy implements the
AccountService
interface:
this(com.xyz.service.AccountService)
'this' is more commonly used in a binding form :- see the following section on advice for how to make the proxy object available in the advice body. |
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) where the target object implements the
AccountService
interface:
target(com.xyz.service.AccountService)
'target' is more commonly used in a binding form :- see the following section on advice for how to make the target object available in the advice body. |
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) which takes a single parameter, and where the argument passed at runtime is
Serializable
:
args(java.io.Serializable)
'args' is more commonly used in a binding form :- see the following section on advice for how to make the method arguments available in the advice body. |
Note
that the pointcut given in this example is different to execution(*
*(java.io.Serializable))
: the args version matches
if the argument passed at runtime is Serializable, the
execution version matches if the method signature declares a
single parameter of type Serializable
.
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) where the target object has an
@Transactional
annotation:
@target(org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional)
'@target' can also be used in a binding form :- see the following section on advice for how to make the annotation object available in the advice body. |
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) where the declared type of the target object has an
@Transactional
annotation:
@within(org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional)
'@within' can also be used in a binding form :- see the following section on advice for how to make the annotation object available in the advice body. |
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) where the executing method has an
@Transactional
annotation:
@annotation(org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional)
'@annotation' can also be used in a binding form :- see the following section on advice for how to make the annotation object available in the advice body. |
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) which takes a single parameter, and where the runtime type of the argument passed has the
@Classified
annotation:
@args(com.xyz.security.Classified)
'@args' can also be used in a binding form :- see the following section on advice for how to make the annotation object(s) available in the advice body. |
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) on a Spring bean named
tradeService
:
bean(tradeService)
-
any join point (method execution only in Spring AOP) on Spring beans having names that match the wildcard expression
*Service
:
bean(*Service)
Writing good pointcuts
During compilation, AspectJ processes pointcuts in order to try and optimize matching performance. Examining code and determining if each join point matches (statically or dynamically) a given pointcut is a costly process. (A dynamic match means the match cannot be fully determined from static analysis and a test will be placed in the code to determine if there is an actual match when the code is running). On first encountering a pointcut declaration, AspectJ will rewrite it into an optimal form for the matching process. What does this mean? Basically pointcuts are rewritten in DNF (Disjunctive Normal Form) and the components of the pointcut are sorted such that those components that are cheaper to evaluate are checked first. This means you do not have to worry about understanding the performance of various pointcut designators and may supply them in any order in a pointcut declaration.
However, AspectJ can only work with what it is told, and for optimal performance of matching you should think about what they are trying to achieve and narrow the search space for matches as much as possible in the definition. The existing designators naturally fall into one of three groups: kinded, scoping and context:
-
Kinded designators are those which select a particular kind of join point. For example: execution, get, set, call, handler
-
Scoping designators are those which select a group of join points of interest (of probably many kinds). For example: within, withincode
-
Contextual designators are those that match (and optionally bind) based on context. For example: this, target, @annotation
A well written pointcut should try and include at least the first two types (kinded and scoping), whilst the contextual designators may be included if wishing to match based on join point context, or bind that context for use in the advice. Supplying either just a kinded designator or just a contextual designator will work but could affect weaving performance (time and memory used) due to all the extra processing and analysis. Scoping designators are very fast to match and their usage means AspectJ can very quickly dismiss groups of join points that should not be further processed - that is why a good pointcut should always include one if possible.
5.2.4. Declaring advice
Advice is associated with a pointcut expression, and runs before, after, or around method executions matched by the pointcut. The pointcut expression may be either a simple reference to a named pointcut, or a pointcut expression declared in place.
Before advice
Before
advice is declared in an aspect using the @Before
annotation:
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before;
@Aspect
public class BeforeExample {
@Before("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.dataAccessOperation()")
public void doAccessCheck() {
// ...
}
}
If using an in-place pointcut expression we could rewrite the above example as:
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before;
@Aspect
public class BeforeExample {
@Before("execution(* com.xyz.myapp.dao.*.*(..))")
public void doAccessCheck() {
// ...
}
}
After returning advice
After
returning advice runs when a matched method execution
returns normally. It is declared using the @AfterReturning
annotation:
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.AfterReturning;
@Aspect
public class AfterReturningExample {
@AfterReturning("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.dataAccessOperation()")
public void doAccessCheck() {
// ...
}
}
Note: it is of course possible to have multiple advice declarations, and other members as well, all inside the same aspect. We’re just showing a single advice declaration in these examples to focus on the issue under discussion at the time. |
Sometimes
you need access in the advice body to the actual value that
was returned. You can use the form of @AfterReturning
that
binds the return value for this:
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.AfterReturning;
@Aspect
public class AfterReturningExample {
@AfterReturning(
pointcut="com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.dataAccessOperation()",
returning="retVal")
public void doAccessCheck(Object retVal) {
// ...
}
}
The
name used in the returning
attribute
must correspond to the name of a parameter in the advice
method. When a method execution returns, the return value
will be passed to the advice method as the corresponding
argument value. A returning
clause
also restricts matching to only those method executions that
return a value of the specified type ( Object
in
this case, which will match any return value).
Please note that it is not possible to return a totally different reference when using after-returning advice.
After throwing advice
After
throwing advice runs when a matched method execution exits
by throwing an exception. It is declared using the @AfterThrowing
annotation:
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.AfterThrowing;
@Aspect
public class AfterThrowingExample {
@AfterThrowing("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.dataAccessOperation()")
public void doRecoveryActions() {
// ...
}
}
Often
you want the advice to run only when exceptions of a given
type are thrown, and you also often need access to the
thrown exception in the advice body. Use the throwing
attribute
to both restrict matching (if desired, use Throwable
as
the exception type otherwise) and bind the thrown exception
to an advice parameter.
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.AfterThrowing;
@Aspect
public class AfterThrowingExample {
@AfterThrowing(
pointcut="com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.dataAccessOperation()",
throwing="ex")
public void doRecoveryActions(DataAccessException ex) {
// ...
}
}
The
name used in the throwing
attribute
must correspond to the name of a parameter in the advice
method. When a method execution exits by throwing an
exception, the exception will be passed to the advice method
as the corresponding argument value. A throwing
clause
also restricts matching to only those method executions that
throw an exception of the specified type ( DataAccessException
in
this case).
After (finally) advice
After
(finally) advice runs however a matched method execution
exits. It is declared using the @After
annotation.
After advice must be prepared to handle both normal and
exception return conditions. It is typically used for
releasing resources, etc.
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.After;
@Aspect
public class AfterFinallyExample {
@After("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.dataAccessOperation()")
public void doReleaseLock() {
// ...
}
}
Around advice
The final kind of advice is around advice. Around advice runs "around" a matched method execution. It has the opportunity to do work both before and after the method executes, and to determine when, how, and even if, the method actually gets to execute at all. Around advice is often used if you need to share state before and after a method execution in a thread-safe manner (starting and stopping a timer for example). Always use the least powerful form of advice that meets your requirements (i.e. don’t use around advice if simple before advice would do).
Around
advice is declared using the @Around
annotation.
The first parameter of the advice method must be of type ProceedingJoinPoint
.
Within the body of the advice, calling proceed()
on
the ProceedingJoinPoint
causes
the underlying method to execute. The proceed
method
may also be called passing in an Object[]
-
the values in the array will be used as the arguments to the
method execution when it proceeds.
The behavior of proceed when called with an Object[] is a little different than the behavior of proceed for around advice compiled by the AspectJ compiler. For around advice written using the traditional AspectJ language, the number of arguments passed to proceed must match the number of arguments passed to the around advice (not the number of arguments taken by the underlying join point), and the value passed to proceed in a given argument position supplants the original value at the join point for the entity the value was bound to (Don’t worry if this doesn’t make sense right now!). The approach taken by Spring is simpler and a better match to its proxy-based, execution only semantics. You only need to be aware of this difference if you are compiling @AspectJ aspects written for Spring and using proceed with arguments with the AspectJ compiler and weaver. There is a way to write such aspects that is 100% compatible across both Spring AOP and AspectJ, and this is discussed in the following section on advice parameters. |
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Around;
import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
@Aspect
public class AroundExample {
@Around("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService()")
public Object doBasicProfiling(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp) throws Throwable {
// start stopwatch
Object retVal = pjp.proceed();
// stop stopwatch
return retVal;
}
}
The value returned by the around advice will be the return value seen by the caller of the method. A simple caching aspect for example could return a value from a cache if it has one, and invoke proceed() if it does not. Note that proceed may be invoked once, many times, or not at all within the body of the around advice, all of these are quite legal.
Advice parameters
Spring
offers fully typed advice - meaning that you declare the
parameters you need in the advice signature (as we saw for
the returning and throwing examples above) rather than work
with Object[]
arrays
all the time. We’ll see how to make argument and other
contextual values available to the advice body in a moment.
First let’s take a look at how to write generic advice that
can find out about the method the advice is currently
advising.
Access to the current JoinPoint
Any
advice method may declare as its first parameter, a
parameter of type org.aspectj.lang.JoinPoint
(please
note that around advice is required to
declare a first parameter of type ProceedingJoinPoint
,
which is a subclass of JoinPoint
.
TheJoinPoint
interface
provides a number of useful methods such as getArgs()
(returns
the method arguments), getThis()
(returns
the proxy object), getTarget()
(returns
the target object), getSignature()
(returns
a description of the method that is being advised) and toString()
(prints
a useful description of the method being advised). Please
do consult the javadocs for full details.
Passing parameters to advice
We’ve
already seen how to bind the returned value or exception
value (using after returning and after throwing advice).
To make argument values available to the advice body, you
can use the binding form of args
.
If a parameter name is used in place of a type name in an
args expression, then the value of the corresponding
argument will be passed as the parameter value when the
advice is invoked. An example should make this clearer.
Suppose you want to advise the execution of dao operations
that take an Account object as the first parameter, and
you need access to the account in the advice body. You
could write the following:
@Before("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.dataAccessOperation() && args(account,..)")
public void validateAccount(Account account) {
// ...
}
The args(account,..)
part
of the pointcut expression serves two purposes: firstly,
it restricts matching to only those method executions
where the method takes at least one parameter, and the
argument passed to that parameter is an instance of Account
;
secondly, it makes the actual Account
object
available to the advice via the account
parameter.
Another
way of writing this is to declare a pointcut that
"provides" the Account
object
value when it matches a join point, and then just refer to
the named pointcut from the advice. This would look as
follows:
@Pointcut("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.dataAccessOperation() && args(account,..)")
private void accountDataAccessOperation(Account account) {}
@Before("accountDataAccessOperation(account)")
public void validateAccount(Account account) {
// ...
}
The interested reader is once more referred to the AspectJ programming guide for more details.
The
proxy object ( this
),
target object ( target
),
and annotations ( @within,
@target, @annotation, @args
) can all be bound in
a similar fashion. The following example shows how you
could match the execution of methods annotated with an@Auditable
annotation,
and extract the audit code.
First
the definition of the @Auditable
annotation:
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
public @interface Auditable {
AuditCode value();
}
And
then the advice that matches the execution of @Auditable
methods:
@Before("com.xyz.lib.Pointcuts.anyPublicMethod() && @annotation(auditable)")
public void audit(Auditable auditable) {
AuditCode code = auditable.value();
// ...
}
Advice parameters and generics
Spring AOP can handle generics used in class declarations and method parameters. Suppose you have a generic type like this:
public interface Sample<T> {
void sampleGenericMethod(T param);
void sampleGenericCollectionMethod(Collection<T> param);
}
You can restrict interception of method types to certain parameter types by simply typing the advice parameter to the parameter type you want to intercept the method for:
@Before("execution(* ..Sample+.sampleGenericMethod(*)) && args(param)")
public void beforeSampleMethod(MyType param) {
// Advice implementation
}
That this works is pretty obvious as we already discussed above. However, it’s worth pointing out that this won’t work for generic collections. So you cannot define a pointcut like this:
@Before("execution(* ..Sample+.sampleGenericCollectionMethod(*)) && args(param)")
public void beforeSampleMethod(Collection<MyType> param) {
// Advice implementation
}
To
make this work we would have to inspect every element of
the collection, which is not reasonable as we also cannot
decide how to treat null
values
in general. To achieve something similar to this you have
to type the parameter to Collection<?>
and
manually check the type of the elements.
Determining argument names
The parameter binding in advice invocations relies on matching names used in pointcut expressions to declared parameter names in (advice and pointcut) method signatures. Parameter names are not available through Java reflection, so Spring AOP uses the following strategies to determine parameter names:
-
If the parameter names have been specified by the user explicitly, then the specified parameter names are used: both the advice and the pointcut annotations have an optional "argNames" attribute which can be used to specify the argument names of the annotated method - these argument names are available at runtime. For example:
@Before(value="com.xyz.lib.Pointcuts.anyPublicMethod() && target(bean) && @annotation(auditable)",
argNames="bean,auditable")
public void audit(Object bean, Auditable auditable) {
AuditCode code = auditable.value();
// ... use code and bean
}
If
the first parameter is of the JoinPoint
, ProceedingJoinPoint
,
or JoinPoint.StaticPart
type,
you may leave out the name of the parameter from the value
of the "argNames" attribute. For example, if you modify
the preceding advice to receive the join point object, the
"argNames" attribute need not include it:
@Before(value="com.xyz.lib.Pointcuts.anyPublicMethod() && target(bean) && @annotation(auditable)",
argNames="bean,auditable")
public void audit(JoinPoint jp, Object bean, Auditable auditable) {
AuditCode code = auditable.value();
// ... use code, bean, and jp
}
The
special treatment given to the first parameter of the JoinPoint
, ProceedingJoinPoint
,
and JoinPoint.StaticPart
types
is particularly convenient for advice that do not collect
any other join point context. In such situations, you may
simply omit the "argNames" attribute. For example, the
following advice need not declare the "argNames"
attribute:
@Before("com.xyz.lib.Pointcuts.anyPublicMethod()")
public void audit(JoinPoint jp) {
// ... use jp
}
-
Using the
'argNames'
attribute is a little clumsy, so if the'argNames'
attribute has not been specified, then Spring AOP will look at the debug information for the class and try to determine the parameter names from the local variable table. This information will be present as long as the classes have been compiled with debug information ('-g:vars'
at a minimum). The consequences of compiling with this flag on are: (1) your code will be slightly easier to understand (reverse engineer), (2) the class file sizes will be very slightly bigger (typically inconsequential), (3) the optimization to remove unused local variables will not be applied by your compiler. In other words, you should encounter no difficulties building with this flag on.
If an @AspectJ aspect has been compiled by the AspectJ compiler (ajc) even without the debug information then there is no need to add the argNames attribute as the compiler will retain the needed information. |
-
If the code has been compiled without the necessary debug information, then Spring AOP will attempt to deduce the pairing of binding variables to parameters (for example, if only one variable is bound in the pointcut expression, and the advice method only takes one parameter, the pairing is obvious!). If the binding of variables is ambiguous given the available information, then an
AmbiguousBindingException
will be thrown. -
If all of the above strategies fail then an
IllegalArgumentException
will be thrown.
Proceeding with arguments
We remarked earlier that we would describe how to write a proceed call with arguments that works consistently across Spring AOP and AspectJ. The solution is simply to ensure that the advice signature binds each of the method parameters in order. For example:
@Around("execution(List<Account> find*(..)) && " +
"com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.inDataAccessLayer() && " +
"args(accountHolderNamePattern)")
public Object preProcessQueryPattern(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp,
String accountHolderNamePattern) throws Throwable {
String newPattern = preProcess(accountHolderNamePattern);
return pjp.proceed(new Object[] {newPattern});
}
In many cases you will be doing this binding anyway (as in the example above).
Advice ordering
What happens when multiple pieces of advice all want to run at the same join point? Spring AOP follows the same precedence rules as AspectJ to determine the order of advice execution. The highest precedence advice runs first "on the way in" (so given two pieces of before advice, the one with highest precedence runs first). "On the way out" from a join point, the highest precedence advice runs last (so given two pieces of after advice, the one with the highest precedence will run second).
When
two pieces of advice defined in different aspects
both need to run at the same join point, unless you specify
otherwise the order of execution is undefined. You can
control the order of execution by specifying precedence.
This is done in the normal Spring way by either implementing
the org.springframework.core.Ordered
interface
in the aspect class or annotating it with the Order
annotation.
Given two aspects, the aspect returning the lower value from Ordered.getValue()
(or
the annotation value) has the higher precedence.
When two pieces of advice defined in the same aspect both need to run at the same join point, the ordering is undefined (since there is no way to retrieve the declaration order via reflection for javac-compiled classes). Consider collapsing such advice methods into one advice method per join point in each aspect class, or refactor the pieces of advice into separate aspect classes - which can be ordered at the aspect level.
5.2.5. Introductions
Introductions (known as inter-type declarations in AspectJ) enable an aspect to declare that advised objects implement a given interface, and to provide an implementation of that interface on behalf of those objects.
An
introduction is made using the @DeclareParents
annotation.
This annotation is used to declare that matching types have a
new parent (hence the name). For example, given an interface UsageTracked
,
and an implementation of that interface DefaultUsageTracked
,
the following aspect declares that all implementors of service
interfaces also implement the UsageTracked
interface.
(In order to expose statistics via JMX for example.)
@Aspect
public class UsageTracking {
@DeclareParents(value="com.xzy.myapp.service.*+", defaultImpl=DefaultUsageTracked.class)
public static UsageTracked mixin;
@Before("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService() && this(usageTracked)")
public void recordUsage(UsageTracked usageTracked) {
usageTracked.incrementUseCount();
}
}
The
interface to be implemented is determined by the type of the
annotated field. The value
attribute
of the @DeclareParents
annotation
is an AspectJ type pattern :- any bean of a matching type will
implement the UsageTracked interface. Note that in the before
advice of the above example, service beans can be directly
used as implementations of the UsageTracked
interface.
If accessing a bean programmatically you would write the
following:
UsageTracked usageTracked = (UsageTracked) context.getBean("myService");
5.2.6. Aspect instantiation models
(This is an advanced topic, so if you are just starting out with AOP you can safely skip it until later.) |
By
default there will be a single instance of each aspect within
the application context. AspectJ calls this the singleton
instantiation model. It is possible to define aspects with
alternate lifecycles :- Spring supports AspectJ’s perthis
and pertarget
instantiation
models ( percflow,
percflowbelow,
and pertypewithin
are
not currently supported).
A
"perthis" aspect is declared by specifying a perthis
clause
in the @Aspect
annotation.
Let’s look at an example, and then we’ll explain how it works.
@Aspect("perthis(com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService())")
public class MyAspect {
private int someState;
@Before(com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService())
public void recordServiceUsage() {
// ...
}
}
The
effect of the 'perthis'
clause
is that one aspect instance will be created for each unique
service object executing a business service (each unique
object bound to 'this' at join points matched by the pointcut
expression). The aspect instance is created the first time
that a method is invoked on the service object. The aspect
goes out of scope when the service object goes out of scope.
Before the aspect instance is created, none of the advice
within it executes. As soon as the aspect instance has been
created, the advice declared within it will execute at matched
join points, but only when the service object is the one this
aspect is associated with. See the AspectJ programming guide
for more information on per-clauses.
The 'pertarget'
instantiation
model works in exactly the same way as perthis, but creates
one aspect instance for each unique target object at matched
join points.
5.2.7. Example
Now that you have seen how all the constituent parts work, let’s put them together to do something useful!
The
execution of business services can sometimes fail due to
concurrency issues (for example, deadlock loser). If the
operation is retried, it is quite likely to succeed next time
round. For business services where it is appropriate to retry
in such conditions (idempotent operations that don’t need to
go back to the user for conflict resolution), we’d like to
transparently retry the operation to avoid the client seeing a PessimisticLockingFailureException
.
This is a requirement that clearly cuts across multiple
services in the service layer, and hence is ideal for
implementing via an aspect.
Because we want to retry the operation, we will need to use around advice so that we can call proceed multiple times. Here’s how the basic aspect implementation looks:
@Aspect
public class ConcurrentOperationExecutor implements Ordered {
private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES = 2;
private int maxRetries = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES;
private int order = 1;
public void setMaxRetries(int maxRetries) {
this.maxRetries = maxRetries;
}
public int getOrder() {
return this.order;
}
public void setOrder(int order) {
this.order = order;
}
@Around("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService()")
public Object doConcurrentOperation(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp) throws Throwable {
int numAttempts = 0;
PessimisticLockingFailureException lockFailureException;
do {
numAttempts++;
try {
return pjp.proceed();
}
catch(PessimisticLockingFailureException ex) {
lockFailureException = ex;
}
} while(numAttempts <= this.maxRetries);
throw lockFailureException;
}
}
Note
that the aspect implements the Ordered
interface
so we can set the precedence of the aspect higher than the
transaction advice (we want a fresh transaction each time we
retry). The maxRetries
and order
properties
will both be configured by Spring. The main action happens in
the doConcurrentOperation
around
advice. Notice that for the moment we’re applying the retry
logic to all businessService()s
.
We try to proceed, and if we fail with an PessimisticLockingFailureException
we
simply try again unless we have exhausted all of our retry
attempts.
The corresponding Spring configuration is:
<aop:aspectj-autoproxy/>
<bean id="concurrentOperationExecutor" class="com.xyz.myapp.service.impl.ConcurrentOperationExecutor">
<property name="maxRetries" value="3"/>
<property name="order" value="100"/>
</bean>
To
refine the aspect so that it only retries idempotent
operations, we might define an Idempotent
annotation:
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Idempotent {
// marker annotation
}
and
use the annotation to annotate the implementation of service
operations. The change to the aspect to only retry idempotent
operations simply involves refining the pointcut expression so
that only @Idempotent
operations
match:
@Around("com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService() && " +
"@annotation(com.xyz.myapp.service.Idempotent)")
public Object doConcurrentOperation(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp) throws Throwable {
...
}
5.3. Schema-based AOP support
If you prefer an XML-based format, then Spring also offers support for defining aspects using the new "aop" namespace tags. The exact same pointcut expressions and advice kinds are supported as when using the @AspectJ style, hence in this section we will focus on the new syntax and refer the reader to the discussion in the previous section (@AspectJ support) for an understanding of writing pointcut expressions and the binding of advice parameters.
To
use the aop namespace tags described in this section, you need
to import the spring-aop
schema
as described in XML
Schema-based configuration. See the
AOP schema for how to import the tags in
the aop
namespace.
Within
your Spring configurations, all aspect and advisor elements must
be placed within an <aop:config>
element
(you can have more than one <aop:config>
element
in an application context configuration). An <aop:config>
element
can contain pointcut, advisor, and aspect elements (note these
must be declared in that order).
The |
5.3.1. Declaring an aspect
Using the schema support, an aspect is simply a regular Java object defined as a bean in your Spring application context. The state and behavior is captured in the fields and methods of the object, and the pointcut and advice information is captured in the XML.
An
aspect is declared using the <aop:aspect> element, and
the backing bean is referenced using the ref
attribute:
<aop:config>
<aop:aspect id="myAspect" ref="aBean">
...
</aop:aspect>
</aop:config>
<bean id="aBean" class="...">
...
</bean>
The
bean backing the aspect ("aBean"
in
this case) can of course be configured and dependency injected
just like any other Spring bean.
5.3.2. Declaring a pointcut
A named pointcut can be declared inside an <aop:config> element, enabling the pointcut definition to be shared across several aspects and advisors.
A pointcut representing the execution of any business service in the service layer could be defined as follows:
<aop:config>
<aop:pointcut id="businessService"
expression="execution(* com.xyz.myapp.service.*.*(..))"/>
</aop:config>
Note that the pointcut expression itself is using the same AspectJ pointcut expression language as described in @AspectJ support. If you are using the schema based declaration style, you can refer to named pointcuts defined in types (@Aspects) within the pointcut expression. Another way of defining the above pointcut would be:
<aop:config>
<aop:pointcut id="businessService"
expression="com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService()"/>
</aop:config>
Assuming
you have a SystemArchitecture
aspect
as described in Sharing
common pointcut definitions.
Declaring a pointcut inside an aspect is very similar to declaring a top-level pointcut:
<aop:config>
<aop:aspect id="myAspect" ref="aBean">
<aop:pointcut id="businessService"
expression="execution(* com.xyz.myapp.service.*.*(..))"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
</aop:config>
Much the same way in an @AspectJ aspect, pointcuts declared using the schema based definition style may collect join point context. For example, the following pointcut collects the 'this' object as the join point context and passes it to advice:
<aop:config>
<aop:aspect id="myAspect" ref="aBean">
<aop:pointcut id="businessService"
expression="execution(* com.xyz.myapp.service.*.*(..)) && this(service)"/>
<aop:before pointcut-ref="businessService" method="monitor"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
</aop:config>
The advice must be declared to receive the collected join point context by including parameters of the matching names:
public void monitor(Object service) {
...
}
When
combining pointcut sub-expressions, &&
is
awkward within an XML document, and so the keywords and
, or
,
and not
can
be used in place of &&
, ||
,
and !
respectively.
For example, the previous pointcut may be better written as:
<aop:config>
<aop:aspect id="myAspect" ref="aBean">
<aop:pointcut id="businessService"
expression="execution(* com.xyz.myapp.service..(..)) and this(service)"/>
<aop:before pointcut-ref="businessService" method="monitor"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
</aop:config>
Note that pointcuts defined in this way are referred to by their XML id and cannot be used as named pointcuts to form composite pointcuts. The named pointcut support in the schema based definition style is thus more limited than that offered by the @AspectJ style.
5.3.3. Declaring advice
The same five advice kinds are supported as for the @AspectJ style, and they have exactly the same semantics.
Before advice
Before
advice runs before a matched method execution. It is
declared inside an <aop:aspect>
using
the <aop:before> element.
<aop:aspect id="beforeExample" ref="aBean">
<aop:before
pointcut-ref="dataAccessOperation"
method="doAccessCheck"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
Here dataAccessOperation
is
the id of a pointcut defined at the top ( <aop:config>
)
level. To define the pointcut inline instead, replace the pointcut-ref
attribute
with a pointcut
attribute:
<aop:aspect id="beforeExample" ref="aBean">
<aop:before
pointcut="execution(* com.xyz.myapp.dao.*.*(..))"
method="doAccessCheck"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
As we noted in the discussion of the @AspectJ style, using named pointcuts can significantly improve the readability of your code.
The
method attribute identifies a method ( doAccessCheck
)
that provides the body of the advice. This method must be
defined for the bean referenced by the aspect element
containing the advice. Before a data access operation is
executed (a method execution join point matched by the
pointcut expression), the "doAccessCheck" method on the
aspect bean will be invoked.
After returning advice
After
returning advice runs when a matched method execution
completes normally. It is declared inside an <aop:aspect>
in
the same way as before advice. For example:
<aop:aspect id="afterReturningExample" ref="aBean">
<aop:after-returning
pointcut-ref="dataAccessOperation"
method="doAccessCheck"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
Just as in the @AspectJ style, it is possible to get hold of the return value within the advice body. Use the returning attribute to specify the name of the parameter to which the return value should be passed:
<aop:aspect id="afterReturningExample" ref="aBean">
<aop:after-returning
pointcut-ref="dataAccessOperation"
returning="retVal"
method="doAccessCheck"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
The
doAccessCheck method must declare a parameter named retVal
.
The type of this parameter constrains matching in the same
way as described for @AfterReturning. For example, the
method signature may be declared as:
public void doAccessCheck(Object retVal) {...
After throwing advice
After
throwing advice executes when a matched method execution
exits by throwing an exception. It is declared inside an <aop:aspect>
using
the after-throwing element:
<aop:aspect id="afterThrowingExample" ref="aBean">
<aop:after-throwing
pointcut-ref="dataAccessOperation"
method="doRecoveryActions"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
Just as in the @AspectJ style, it is possible to get hold of the thrown exception within the advice body. Use the throwing attribute to specify the name of the parameter to which the exception should be passed:
<aop:aspect id="afterThrowingExample" ref="aBean">
<aop:after-throwing
pointcut-ref="dataAccessOperation"
throwing="dataAccessEx"
method="doRecoveryActions"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
The
doRecoveryActions method must declare a parameter named dataAccessEx
.
The type of this parameter constrains matching in the same
way as described for @AfterThrowing. For example, the method
signature may be declared as:
public void doRecoveryActions(DataAccessException dataAccessEx) {...
After (finally) advice
After
(finally) advice runs however a matched method execution
exits. It is declared using the after
element:
<aop:aspect id="afterFinallyExample" ref="aBean">
<aop:after
pointcut-ref="dataAccessOperation"
method="doReleaseLock"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
Around advice
The final kind of advice is around advice. Around advice runs "around" a matched method execution. It has the opportunity to do work both before and after the method executes, and to determine when, how, and even if, the method actually gets to execute at all. Around advice is often used if you need to share state before and after a method execution in a thread-safe manner (starting and stopping a timer for example). Always use the least powerful form of advice that meets your requirements; don’t use around advice if simple before advice would do.
Around
advice is declared using the aop:around
element.
The first parameter of the advice method must be of type ProceedingJoinPoint
.
Within the body of the advice, calling proceed()
on
the ProceedingJoinPoint
causes
the underlying method to execute. The proceed
method
may also be calling passing in an Object[]
-
the values in the array will be used as the arguments to the
method execution when it proceeds. See Around
advice for notes on calling proceed
with an Object[]
.
<aop:aspect id="aroundExample" ref="aBean">
<aop:around
pointcut-ref="businessService"
method="doBasicProfiling"/>
...
</aop:aspect>
The
implementation of the doBasicProfiling
advice
would be exactly the same as in the @AspectJ example (minus
the annotation of course):
public Object doBasicProfiling(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp) throws Throwable {
// start stopwatch
Object retVal = pjp.proceed();
// stop stopwatch
return retVal;
}
Advice parameters
The
schema based declaration style supports fully typed advice
in the same way as described for the @AspectJ support - by
matching pointcut parameters by name against advice method
parameters. See Advice
parameters for details. If you wish
to explicitly specify argument names for the advice methods
(not relying on the detection strategies previously
described) then this is done using the arg-names
attribute
of the advice element, which is treated in the same manner
to the "argNames" attribute in an advice annotation as
described in Determining
argument names. For example:
<aop:before
pointcut="com.xyz.lib.Pointcuts.anyPublicMethod() and @annotation(auditable)"
method="audit"
arg-names="auditable"/>
The arg-names
attribute
accepts a comma-delimited list of parameter names.
Find below a slightly more involved example of the XSD-based approach that illustrates some around advice used in conjunction with a number of strongly typed parameters.
package x.y.service;
public interface FooService {
Foo getFoo(String fooName, int age);
}
public class DefaultFooService implements FooService {
public Foo getFoo(String name, int age) {
return new Foo(name, age);
}
}
Next
up is the aspect. Notice the fact that the profile(..)
method
accepts a number of strongly-typed parameters, the first of
which happens to be the join point used to proceed with the
method call: the presence of this parameter is an indication
that the profile(..)
is
to be used as around
advice:
package x.y;
import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;
public class SimpleProfiler {
public Object profile(ProceedingJoinPoint call, String name, int age) throws Throwable {
StopWatch clock = new StopWatch("Profiling for '" + name + "' and '" + age + "'");
try {
clock.start(call.toShortString());
return call.proceed();
} finally {
clock.stop();
System.out.println(clock.prettyPrint());
}
}
}
Finally, here is the XML configuration that is required to effect the execution of the above advice for a particular join point:
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd">
<!-- this is the object that will be proxied by Spring's AOP infrastructure -->
<bean id="fooService" class="x.y.service.DefaultFooService"/>
<!-- this is the actual advice itself -->
<bean id="profiler" class="x.y.SimpleProfiler"/>
<aop:config>
<aop:aspect ref="profiler">
<aop:pointcut id="theExecutionOfSomeFooServiceMethod"
expression="execution(* x.y.service.FooService.getFoo(String,int))
and args(name, age)"/>
<aop:around pointcut-ref="theExecutionOfSomeFooServiceMethod"
method="profile"/>
</aop:aspect>
</aop:config>
</beans>
If we had the following driver script, we would get output something like this on standard output:
import org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import x.y.service.FooService;
public final class Boot {
public static void main(final String[] args) throws Exception {
BeanFactory ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("x/y/plain.xml");
FooService foo = (FooService) ctx.getBean("fooService");
foo.getFoo("Pengo", 12);
}
}
StopWatch 'Profiling for 'Pengo' and '12'': running time (millis) = 0 ----------------------------------------- ms % Task name ----------------------------------------- 00000 ? execution(getFoo)
Advice ordering
When
multiple advice needs to execute at the same join point
(executing method) the ordering rules are as described in Advice
ordering. The precedence between aspects is determined
by either adding the Order
annotation
to the bean backing the aspect or by having the bean
implement the Ordered
interface.
5.3.4. Introductions
Introductions (known as inter-type declarations in AspectJ) enable an aspect to declare that advised objects implement a given interface, and to provide an implementation of that interface on behalf of those objects.
An
introduction is made using the aop:declare-parents
element
inside an aop:aspect
This
element is used to declare that matching types have a new
parent (hence the name). For example, given an interface UsageTracked
,
and an implementation of that interface DefaultUsageTracked
,
the following aspect declares that all implementors of service
interfaces also implement the UsageTracked
interface.
(In order to expose statistics via JMX for example.)
<aop:aspect id="usageTrackerAspect" ref="usageTracking">
<aop:declare-parents
types-matching="com.xzy.myapp.service.*+"
implement-interface="com.xyz.myapp.service.tracking.UsageTracked"
default-impl="com.xyz.myapp.service.tracking.DefaultUsageTracked"/>
<aop:before
pointcut="com.xyz.myapp.SystemArchitecture.businessService()
and this(usageTracked)"
method="recordUsage"/>
</aop:aspect>
The
class backing the usageTracking
bean
would contain the method:
public void recordUsage(UsageTracked usageTracked) {
usageTracked.incrementUseCount();
}
The
interface to be implemented is determined by implement-interface
attribute.
The value of the types-matching
attribute
is an AspectJ type pattern :- any bean of a matching type will
implement the UsageTracked
interface.
Note that in the before advice of the above example, service
beans can be directly used as implementations of the UsageTracked
interface.
If accessing a bean programmatically you would write the
following:
UsageTracked usageTracked = (UsageTracked) context.getBean("myService");
5.3.5. Aspect instantiation models
The only supported instantiation model for schema-defined aspects is the singleton model. Other instantiation models may be supported in future releases.
5.3.6. Advisors
The concept of "advisors" is brought forward from the AOP support defined in Spring and does not have a direct equivalent in AspectJ. An advisor is like a small self-contained aspect that has a single piece of advice. The advice itself is represented by a bean, and must implement one of the advice interfaces described in Advice types in Spring. Advisors can take advantage of AspectJ pointcut expressions though.
Spring
supports the advisor concept with the <aop:advisor>
element.
You will most commonly see it used in conjunction with
transactional advice, which also has its own namespace support
in Spring. Here’s how it looks:
<aop:config>
<aop:pointcut id="businessService"
expression="execution(* com.xyz.myapp.service.*.*(..))"/>
<aop:advisor
pointcut-ref="businessService"
advice-ref="tx-advice"/>
</aop:config>
<tx:advice id="tx-advice">
<tx:attributes>
<tx:method name="*" propagation="REQUIRED"/>
</tx:attributes>
</tx:advice>
As
well as the pointcut-ref
attribute
used in the above example, you can also use the pointcut
attribute
to define a pointcut expression inline.
To
define the precedence of an advisor so that the advice can
participate in ordering, use the order
attribute
to define the Ordered
value
of the advisor.
5.3.7. Example
Let’s see how the concurrent locking failure retry example from Example looks when rewritten using the schema support.
The
execution of business services can sometimes fail due to
concurrency issues (for example, deadlock loser). If the
operation is retried, it is quite likely it will succeed next
time round. For business services where it is appropriate to
retry in such conditions (idempotent operations that don’t
need to go back to the user for conflict resolution), we’d
like to transparently retry the operation to avoid the client
seeing a PessimisticLockingFailureException
.
This is a requirement that clearly cuts across multiple
services in the service layer, and hence is ideal for
implementing via an aspect.
Because we want to retry the operation, we’ll need to use around advice so that we can call proceed multiple times. Here’s how the basic aspect implementation looks (it’s just a regular Java class using the schema support):
public class ConcurrentOperationExecutor implements Ordered {
private static final int DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES = 2;
private int maxRetries = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES;
private int order = 1;
public void setMaxRetries(int maxRetries) {
this.maxRetries = maxRetries;
}
public int getOrder() {
return this.order;
}
public void setOrder(int order) {
this.order = order;
}
public Object doConcurrentOperation(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp) throws Throwable {
int numAttempts = 0;
PessimisticLockingFailureException lockFailureException;
do {
numAttempts++;
try {
return pjp.proceed();
}
catch(PessimisticLockingFailureException ex) {
lockFailureException = ex;
}
} while(numAttempts <= this.maxRetries);
throw lockFailureException;
}
}
Note
that the aspect implements the Ordered
interface
so we can set the precedence of the aspect higher than the
transaction advice (we want a fresh transaction each time we
retry). The maxRetries
and order
properties
will both be configured by Spring. The main action happens in
the doConcurrentOperation
around
advice method. We try to proceed, and if we fail with a PessimisticLockingFailureException
we
simply try again unless we have exhausted all of our retry
attempts.
This class is identical to the one used in the @AspectJ example, but with the annotations removed. |
The corresponding Spring configuration is:
<aop:config>
<aop:aspect id="concurrentOperationRetry" ref="concurrentOperationExecutor">
<aop:pointcut id="idempotentOperation"
expression="execution(* com.xyz.myapp.service.*.*(..))"/>
<aop:around
pointcut-ref="idempotentOperation"
method="doConcurrentOperation"/>
</aop:aspect>
</aop:config>
<bean id="concurrentOperationExecutor"
class="com.xyz.myapp.service.impl.ConcurrentOperationExecutor">
<property name="maxRetries" value="3"/>
<property name="order" value="100"/>
</bean>
Notice
that for the time being we assume that all business services
are idempotent. If this is not the case we can refine the
aspect so that it only retries genuinely idempotent
operations, by introducing an Idempotent
annotation:
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Idempotent {
// marker annotation
}
and
using the annotation to annotate the implementation of service
operations. The change to the aspect to retry only idempotent
operations simply involves refining the pointcut expression so
that only @Idempotent
operations
match:
<aop:pointcut id="idempotentOperation"
expression="execution(* com.xyz.myapp.service.*.*(..)) and
@annotation(com.xyz.myapp.service.Idempotent)"/>
5.4. Choosing which AOP declaration style to use
Once you have decided that an aspect is the best approach for implementing a given requirement, how do you decide between using Spring AOP or AspectJ, and between the Aspect language (code) style, @AspectJ annotation style, or the Spring XML style? These decisions are influenced by a number of factors including application requirements, development tools, and team familiarity with AOP.
5.4.1. Spring AOP or full AspectJ?
Use the simplest thing that can work. Spring AOP is simpler than using full AspectJ as there is no requirement to introduce the AspectJ compiler / weaver into your development and build processes. If you only need to advise the execution of operations on Spring beans, then Spring AOP is the right choice. If you need to advise objects not managed by the Spring container (such as domain objects typically), then you will need to use AspectJ. You will also need to use AspectJ if you wish to advise join points other than simple method executions (for example, field get or set join points, and so on).
When using AspectJ, you have the choice of the AspectJ language syntax (also known as the "code style") or the @AspectJ annotation style. Clearly, if you are not using Java 5+ then the choice has been made for you… use the code style. If aspects play a large role in your design, and you are able to use the AspectJ Development Tools (AJDT) plugin for Eclipse, then the AspectJ language syntax is the preferred option: it is cleaner and simpler because the language was purposefully designed for writing aspects. If you are not using Eclipse, or have only a few aspects that do not play a major role in your application, then you may want to consider using the @AspectJ style and sticking with a regular Java compilation in your IDE, and adding an aspect weaving phase to your build script.
5.4.2. @AspectJ or XML for Spring AOP?
If you have chosen to use Spring AOP, then you have a choice of @AspectJ or XML style. There are various tradeoffs to consider.
The XML style will be most familiar to existing Spring users and it is backed by genuine POJOs. When using AOP as a tool to configure enterprise services then XML can be a good choice (a good test is whether you consider the pointcut expression to be a part of your configuration you might want to change independently). With the XML style arguably it is clearer from your configuration what aspects are present in the system.
The XML style has two disadvantages. Firstly it does not fully encapsulate the implementation of the requirement it addresses in a single place. The DRY principle says that there should be a single, unambiguous, authoritative representation of any piece of knowledge within a system. When using the XML style, the knowledge of how a requirement is implemented is split across the declaration of the backing bean class, and the XML in the configuration file. When using the @AspectJ style there is a single module - the aspect - in which this information is encapsulated. Secondly, the XML style is slightly more limited in what it can express than the @AspectJ style: only the "singleton" aspect instantiation model is supported, and it is not possible to combine named pointcuts declared in XML. For example, in the @AspectJ style you can write something like:
@Pointcut(execution(* get*()))
public void propertyAccess() {}
@Pointcut(execution(org.xyz.Account+ *(..))
public void operationReturningAnAccount() {}
@Pointcut(propertyAccess() && operationReturningAnAccount())
public void accountPropertyAccess() {}
In the XML style I can declare the first two pointcuts:
<aop:pointcut id="propertyAccess"
expression="execution(* get*())"/>
<aop:pointcut id="operationReturningAnAccount"
expression="execution(org.xyz.Account+ *(..))"/>
The
downside of the XML approach is that you cannot define the accountPropertyAccess
pointcut
by combining these definitions.
The @AspectJ style supports additional instantiation models, and richer pointcut composition. It has the advantage of keeping the aspect as a modular unit. It also has the advantage the @AspectJ aspects can be understood (and thus consumed) both by Spring AOP and by AspectJ - so if you later decide you need the capabilities of AspectJ to implement additional requirements then it is very easy to migrate to an AspectJ-based approach. On balance the Spring team prefer the @AspectJ style whenever you have aspects that do more than simple "configuration" of enterprise services.
5.5. Mixing aspect types
It
is perfectly possible to mix @AspectJ style aspects using the
autoproxying support, schema-defined <aop:aspect>
aspects, <aop:advisor>
declared
advisors and even proxies and interceptors defined using the
Spring 1.2 style in the same configuration. All of these are
implemented using the same underlying support mechanism and will
co-exist without any difficulty.
5.6. Proxying mechanisms
Spring AOP uses either JDK dynamic proxies or CGLIB to create the proxy for a given target object. (JDK dynamic proxies are preferred whenever you have a choice).
If the target object to be proxied implements at least one interface then a JDK dynamic proxy will be used. All of the interfaces implemented by the target type will be proxied. If the target object does not implement any interfaces then a CGLIB proxy will be created.
If you want to force the use of CGLIB proxying (for example, to proxy every method defined for the target object, not just those implemented by its interfaces) you can do so. However, there are some issues to consider:
-
final
methods cannot be advised, as they cannot be overridden. -
As of Spring 3.2, it is no longer necessary to add CGLIB to your project classpath, as CGLIB classes are repackaged under org.springframework and included directly in the spring-core JAR. This means that CGLIB-based proxy support 'just works' in the same way that JDK dynamic proxies always have.
-
As of Spring 4.0, the constructor of your proxied object will NOT be called twice anymore since the CGLIB proxy instance will be created via Objenesis. Only if your JVM does not allow for constructor bypassing, you might see double invocations and corresponding debug log entries from Spring’s AOP support.
To
force the use of CGLIB proxies set the value of the proxy-target-class
attribute
of the <aop:config>
element
to true:
<aop:config proxy-target-class="true">
<!-- other beans defined here... -->
</aop:config>
To
force CGLIB proxying when using the @AspectJ autoproxy support,
set the 'proxy-target-class'
attribute
of the <aop:aspectj-autoproxy>
element
to true
:
<aop:aspectj-autoproxy proxy-target-class="true"/>
Multiple To
be clear: using |
5.6.1. Understanding AOP proxies
Spring AOP is proxy-based. It is vitally important that you grasp the semantics of what that last statement actually means before you write your own aspects or use any of the Spring AOP-based aspects supplied with the Spring Framework.
Consider first the scenario where you have a plain-vanilla, un-proxied, nothing-special-about-it, straight object reference, as illustrated by the following code snippet.
public class SimplePojo implements Pojo {
public void foo() {
// this next method invocation is a direct call on the 'this' reference
this.bar();
}
public void bar() {
// some logic...
}
}
If you invoke a method on an object reference, the method is invoked directly on that object reference, as can be seen below.

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Pojo pojo = new SimplePojo();
// this is a direct method call on the 'pojo' reference
pojo.foo();
}
}
Things change slightly when the reference that client code has is a proxy. Consider the following diagram and code snippet.

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ProxyFactory factory = new ProxyFactory(new SimplePojo());
factory.addInterface(Pojo.class);
factory.addAdvice(new RetryAdvice());
Pojo pojo = (Pojo) factory.getProxy();
// this is a method call on the proxy!
pojo.foo();
}
}
The
key thing to understand here is that the client code inside
the main(..)
of
the Main
class has
a reference to the proxy. This means that method calls
on that object reference will be calls on the proxy, and as
such the proxy will be able to delegate to all of the
interceptors (advice) that are relevant to that particular
method call. However, once the call has finally reached the
target object, the SimplePojo
reference
in this case, any method calls that it may make on itself,
such as this.bar()
or this.foo()
,
are going to be invoked against the this reference,
and not the
proxy. This has important implications. It means that
self-invocation is not going
to result in the advice associated with a method invocation
getting a chance to execute.
Okay, so what is to be done about this? The best approach (the term best is used loosely here) is to refactor your code such that the self-invocation does not happen. For sure, this does entail some work on your part, but it is the best, least-invasive approach. The next approach is absolutely horrendous, and I am almost reticent to point it out precisely because it is so horrendous. You can (choke!) totally tie the logic within your class to Spring AOP by doing this:
public class SimplePojo implements Pojo {
public void foo() {
// this works, but... gah!
((Pojo) AopContext.currentProxy()).bar();
}
public void bar() {
// some logic...
}
}
This totally couples your code to Spring AOP, and it makes the class itself aware of the fact that it is being used in an AOP context, which flies in the face of AOP. It also requires some additional configuration when the proxy is being created:
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ProxyFactory factory = new ProxyFactory(new SimplePojo());
factory.adddInterface(Pojo.class);
factory.addAdvice(new RetryAdvice());
factory.setExposeProxy(true);
Pojo pojo = (Pojo) factory.getProxy();
// this is a method call on the proxy!
pojo.foo();
}
}
Finally, it must be noted that AspectJ does not have this self-invocation issue because it is not a proxy-based AOP framework.
5.7. Programmatic creation of @AspectJ Proxies
In
addition to declaring aspects in your configuration using either <aop:config>
or <aop:aspectj-autoproxy>
,
it is also possible programmatically to create proxies that
advise target objects. For the full details of Spring’s AOP API,
see the next chapter. Here we want to focus on the ability to
automatically create proxies using @AspectJ aspects.
The
class org.springframework.aop.aspectj.annotation.AspectJProxyFactory
can
be used to create a proxy for a target object that is advised by
one or more @AspectJ aspects. Basic usage for this class is very
simple, as illustrated below. See the javadocs for full
information.
// create a factory that can generate a proxy for the given target object
AspectJProxyFactory factory = new AspectJProxyFactory(targetObject);
// add an aspect, the class must be an @AspectJ aspect
// you can call this as many times as you need with different aspects
factory.addAspect(SecurityManager.class);
// you can also add existing aspect instances, the type of the object supplied must be an @AspectJ aspect
factory.addAspect(usageTracker);
// now get the proxy object...
MyInterfaceType proxy = factory.getProxy();
5.8. Using AspectJ with Spring applications
Everything we’ve covered so far in this chapter is pure Spring AOP. In this section, we’re going to look at how you can use the AspectJ compiler/weaver instead of, or in addition to, Spring AOP if your needs go beyond the facilities offered by Spring AOP alone.
Spring
ships with a small AspectJ aspect library, which is available
standalone in your distribution as spring-aspects.jar
;
you’ll need to add this to your classpath in order to use the
aspects in it. Using
AspectJ to dependency inject domain objects with Spring and Other
Spring aspects for AspectJ discuss the
content of this library and how you can use it. Configuring
AspectJ aspects using Spring IoC discusses
how to dependency inject AspectJ aspects that are woven using
the AspectJ compiler. Finally, Load-time
weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework provides
an introduction to load-time weaving for Spring applications
using AspectJ.
5.8.1. Using AspectJ to dependency inject domain objects with Spring
The
Spring container instantiates and configures beans defined in
your application context. It is also possible to ask a bean
factory to configure a pre-existing object
given the name of a bean definition containing the
configuration to be applied. The spring-aspects.jar
contains
an annotation-driven aspect that exploits this capability to
allow dependency injection of any
object. The support is intended to be used for objects
created outside
of the control of any container. Domain objects often
fall into this category because they are often created
programmatically using the new
operator,
or by an ORM tool as a result of a database query.
The @Configurable
annotation
marks a class as eligible for Spring-driven configuration. In
the simplest case it can be used just as a marker annotation:
package com.xyz.myapp.domain;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Configurable;
@Configurable
public class Account {
// ...
}
When
used as a marker interface in this way, Spring will configure
new instances of the annotated type ( Account
in
this case) using a bean definition (typically
prototype-scoped) with the same name as the fully-qualified
type name (com.xyz.myapp.domain.Account
).
Since the default name for a bean is the fully-qualified name
of its type, a convenient way to declare the prototype
definition is simply to omit the id
attribute:
<bean class="com.xyz.myapp.domain.Account" scope="prototype">
<property name="fundsTransferService" ref="fundsTransferService"/>
</bean>
If you want to explicitly specify the name of the prototype bean definition to use, you can do so directly in the annotation:
package com.xyz.myapp.domain;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Configurable;
@Configurable("account")
public class Account {
// ...
}
Spring
will now look for a bean definition named "account" and use
that as the definition to configure new Account
instances.
You
can also use autowiring to avoid having to specify a dedicated
bean definition at all. To have Spring apply autowiring use
the autowire
property
of the @Configurable
annotation:
specify either @Configurable(autowire=Autowire.BY_TYPE)
or@Configurable(autowire=Autowire.BY_NAME
for
autowiring by type or by name respectively. As an alternative,
as of Spring 2.5 it is preferable to specify explicit,
annotation-driven dependency injection for your @Configurable
beans
by using@Autowired
or @Inject
at
the field or method level (see Annotation-based
container configuration for further
details).
Finally
you can enable Spring dependency checking for the object
references in the newly created and configured object by using
the dependencyCheck
attribute
(for example: @Configurable(autowire=Autowire.BY_NAME,dependencyCheck=true)
).
If this attribute is set to true, then Spring will validate
after configuration that all properties (which
are not primitives or collections) have been set.
Using
the annotation on its own does nothing of course. It is the AnnotationBeanConfigurerAspect
in spring-aspects.jar
that
acts on the presence of the annotation. In essence the aspect
says "after returning from the initialization of a new object
of a type annotated with @Configurable
,
configure the newly created object using Spring in accordance
with the properties of the annotation". In this context, initialization refers
to newly instantiated objects (e.g., objects instantiated with
the new
operator)
as well as to Serializable
objects
that are undergoing deserialization (e.g., via readResolve()).
One
of the key phrases in the above paragraph is 'in
essence'. For most cases, the exact semantics
of 'after
returning from the initialization of a new object'
will be fine… in this context, 'after
initialization' means that the dependencies
will be injected after the
object has been constructed - this means that the
dependencies will not be available for use in the
constructor bodies of the class. If you want the
dependencies to be injected beforethe
constructor bodies execute, and thus be available
for use in the body of the constructors, then you
need to define this on the
You can find out more information about the language semantics of the various pointcut types in AspectJ in this appendix of the AspectJ Programming Guide. |
For
this to work the annotated types must be woven with the
AspectJ weaver - you can either use a build-time Ant or Maven
task to do this (see for example the AspectJ
Development Environment Guide) or load-time weaving (see Load-time
weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework). The AnnotationBeanConfigurerAspect
itself
needs configuring by Spring (in order to obtain a reference to
the bean factory that is to be used to configure new objects).
If you are using Java based configuration simply add @EnableSpringConfigured
to
any @Configuration
class.
@Configuration
@EnableSpringConfigured
public class AppConfig {
}
If
you prefer XML based configuration, the Spring context
namespace defines
a convenient context:spring-configured
element:
<context:spring-configured/>
Instances
of @Configurable
objects
created before the
aspect has been configured will result in a message being
issued to the debug log and no configuration of the object
taking place. An example might be a bean in the Spring
configuration that creates domain objects when it is
initialized by Spring. In this case you can use the
"depends-on" bean attribute to manually specify that the bean
depends on the configuration aspect.
<bean id="myService"
class="com.xzy.myapp.service.MyService"
depends-on="org.springframework.beans.factory.aspectj.AnnotationBeanConfigurerAspect">
<!-- ... -->
</bean>
Do
not activate |
Unit testing @Configurable objects
One
of the goals of the @Configurable
support
is to enable independent unit testing of domain objects
without the difficulties associated with hard-coded lookups.
If @Configurable
types
have not been woven by AspectJ then the annotation has no
affect during unit testing, and you can simply set mock or
stub property references in the object under test and
proceed as normal. If @Configurable
types have been
woven by AspectJ then you can still unit test outside of the
container as normal, but you will see a warning message each
time that you construct an @Configurable
object
indicating that it has not been configured by Spring.
Working with multiple application contexts
The AnnotationBeanConfigurerAspect
used
to implement the @Configurable
support
is an AspectJ singleton aspect. The scope of a singleton
aspect is the same as the scope of static
members,
that is to say there is one aspect instance per classloader
that defines the type. This means that if you define
multiple application contexts within the same classloader
hierarchy you need to consider where to define the @EnableSpringConfigured
bean
and where to place spring-aspects.jar
on
the classpath.
Consider
a typical Spring web-app configuration with a shared parent
application context defining common business services and
everything needed to support them, and one child application
context per servlet containing definitions particular to
that servlet. All of these contexts will co-exist within the
same classloader hierarchy, and so the AnnotationBeanConfigurerAspect
can
only hold a reference to one of them. In this case we
recommend defining the @EnableSpringConfigured
bean
in the shared (parent) application context: this defines the
services that you are likely to want to inject into domain
objects. A consequence is that you cannot configure domain
objects with references to beans defined in the child
(servlet-specific) contexts using the @Configurable
mechanism (probably not something you want to do anyway!).
When
deploying multiple web-apps within the same container,
ensure that each web-application loads the types in spring-aspects.jar
using
its own classloader (for example, by placing spring-aspects.jar
in 'WEB-INF/lib'
).
If spring-aspects.jar
is
only added to the container wide classpath (and hence loaded
by the shared parent classloader), all web applications will
share the same aspect instance which is probably not what
you want.
5.8.2. Other Spring aspects for AspectJ
In
addition to the @Configurable
aspect, spring-aspects.jar
contains
an AspectJ aspect that can be used to drive Spring’s
transaction management for types and methods annotated with
the @Transactional
annotation.
This is primarily intended for users who want to use the
Spring Framework’s transaction support outside of the Spring
container.
The
aspect that interprets @Transactional
annotations
is the AnnotationTransactionAspect
.
When using this aspect, you must annotate the implementation class
(and/or methods within that class), not the
interface (if any) that the class implements. AspectJ follows
Java’s rule that annotations on interfaces are not
inherited.
A @Transactional
annotation
on a class specifies the default transaction semantics for the
execution of any public operation
in the class.
A @Transactional
annotation
on a method within the class overrides the default transaction
semantics given by the class annotation (if present). Methods
of any visibility may be annotated, including private methods.
Annotating non-public methods directly is the only way to get
transaction demarcation for the execution of such methods.
Since
Spring Framework 4.2, |
For
AspectJ programmers that want to use the Spring configuration
and transaction management support but don’t want to (or
cannot) use annotations, spring-aspects.jar
also
contains abstract
aspects
you can extend to provide your own pointcut definitions. See
the sources for the AbstractBeanConfigurerAspect
and AbstractTransactionAspect
aspects
for more information. As an example, the following excerpt
shows how you could write an aspect to configure all instances
of objects defined in the domain model using prototype bean
definitions that match the fully-qualified class names:
public aspect DomainObjectConfiguration extends AbstractBeanConfigurerAspect {
public DomainObjectConfiguration() {
setBeanWiringInfoResolver(new ClassNameBeanWiringInfoResolver());
}
// the creation of a new bean (any object in the domain model)
protected pointcut beanCreation(Object beanInstance) :
initialization(new(..)) &&
SystemArchitecture.inDomainModel() &&
this(beanInstance);
}
5.8.3. Configuring AspectJ aspects using Spring IoC
When
using AspectJ aspects with Spring applications, it is natural
to both want and expect to be able to configure such aspects
using Spring. The AspectJ runtime itself is responsible for
aspect creation, and the means of configuring the AspectJ
created aspects via Spring depends on the AspectJ
instantiation model (the per-xxx
clause)
used by the aspect.
The
majority of AspectJ aspects are singleton aspects.
Configuration of these aspects is very easy: simply create a
bean definition referencing the aspect type as normal, and
include the bean attribute 'factory-method="aspectOf"'
.
This ensures that Spring obtains the aspect instance by asking
AspectJ for it rather than trying to create an instance
itself. For example:
<bean id="profiler" class="com.xyz.profiler.Profiler"
factory-method="aspectOf">
<property name="profilingStrategy" ref="jamonProfilingStrategy"/>
</bean>
Non-singleton
aspects are harder to configure: however it is possible to do
so by creating prototype bean definitions and using the @Configurable
support
from spring-aspects.jar
to
configure the aspect instances once they have bean created by
the AspectJ runtime.
If
you have some @AspectJ aspects that you want to weave with
AspectJ (for example, using load-time weaving for domain model
types) and other @AspectJ aspects that you want to use with
Spring AOP, and these aspects are all configured using Spring,
then you will need to tell the Spring AOP @AspectJ
autoproxying support which exact subset of the @AspectJ
aspects defined in the configuration should be used for
autoproxying. You can do this by using one or more <include/>
elements
inside the <aop:aspectj-autoproxy/>
declaration.
Each <include/>
element
specifies a name pattern, and only beans with names matched by
at least one of the patterns will be used for Spring AOP
autoproxy configuration:
<aop:aspectj-autoproxy>
<aop:include name="thisBean"/>
<aop:include name="thatBean"/>
</aop:aspectj-autoproxy>
Do
not be misled by the name of the |
5.8.4. Load-time weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework
Load-time weaving (LTW) refers to the process of weaving AspectJ aspects into an application’s class files as they are being loaded into the Java virtual machine (JVM). The focus of this section is on configuring and using LTW in the specific context of the Spring Framework: this section is not an introduction to LTW though. For full details on the specifics of LTW and configuring LTW with just AspectJ (with Spring not being involved at all), see the LTW section of the AspectJ Development Environment Guide.
The value-add that the Spring Framework brings to AspectJ LTW is in enabling much finer-grained control over the weaving process. 'Vanilla' AspectJ LTW is effected using a Java (5+) agent, which is switched on by specifying a VM argument when starting up a JVM. It is thus a JVM-wide setting, which may be fine in some situations, but often is a little too coarse. Spring-enabled LTW enables you to switch on LTW on a per-ClassLoader basis, which obviously is more fine-grained and which can make more sense in a 'single-JVM-multiple-application' environment (such as is found in a typical application server environment).
Further, in
certain environments, this support enables load-time
weaving without
making any modifications to the application server’s launch
script that will be needed to add -javaagent:path/to/aspectjweaver.jar
or
(as we describe later in this section) -javaagent:path/to/org.springframework.instrument-{version}.jar
(previously
named spring-agent.jar
).
Developers simply modify one or more files that form the
application context to enable load-time weaving instead of
relying on administrators who typically are in charge of the
deployment configuration such as the launch script.
Now that the sales pitch is over, let us first walk through a quick example of AspectJ LTW using Spring, followed by detailed specifics about elements introduced in the following example. For a complete example, please see the Petclinic sample application.
A first example
Let us assume that you are an application developer who has been tasked with diagnosing the cause of some performance problems in a system. Rather than break out a profiling tool, what we are going to do is switch on a simple profiling aspect that will enable us to very quickly get some performance metrics, so that we can then apply a finer-grained profiling tool to that specific area immediately afterwards.
The
example presented here uses XML style
configuration, it is also possible to configure
and use @AspectJ with Java
Configuration. Specifically the |
Here is the profiling aspect. Nothing too fancy, just a quick-and-dirty time-based profiler, using the @AspectJ-style of aspect declaration.
package foo;
import org.aspectj.lang.ProceedingJoinPoint;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Around;
import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut;
import org.springframework.util.StopWatch;
import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order;
@Aspect
public class ProfilingAspect {
@Around("methodsToBeProfiled()")
public Object profile(ProceedingJoinPoint pjp) throws Throwable {
StopWatch sw = new StopWatch(getClass().getSimpleName());
try {
sw.start(pjp.getSignature().getName());
return pjp.proceed();
} finally {
sw.stop();
System.out.println(sw.prettyPrint());
}
}
@Pointcut("execution(public * foo..*.*(..))")
public void methodsToBeProfiled(){}
}
We
will also need to create an META-INF/aop.xml
file,
to inform the AspectJ weaver that we want to weave our ProfilingAspect
into
our classes. This file convention, namely the presence of a
file (or files) on the Java classpath calledMETA-INF/aop.xml
is
standard AspectJ.
<!DOCTYPE aspectj PUBLIC "-//AspectJ//DTD//EN" "http://www.eclipse.org/aspectj/dtd/aspectj.dtd">
<aspectj>
<weaver>
<!-- only weave classes in our application-specific packages -->
<include within="foo.*"/>
</weaver>
<aspects>
<!-- weave in just this aspect -->
<aspect name="foo.ProfilingAspect"/>
</aspects>
</aspectj>
Now
to the Spring-specific portion of the configuration. We need
to configure a LoadTimeWeaver
(all
explained later, just take it on trust for now). This
load-time weaver is the essential component responsible for
weaving the aspect configuration in one or more META-INF/aop.xml
files
into the classes in your application. The good thing is that
it does not require a lot of configuration, as can be seen
below (there are some more options that you can specify, but
these are detailed later).
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<!-- a service object; we will be profiling its methods -->
<bean id="entitlementCalculationService"
class="foo.StubEntitlementCalculationService"/>
<!-- this switches on the load-time weaving -->
<context:load-time-weaver/>
</beans>
Now
that all the required artifacts are in place - the aspect,
the META-INF/aop.xml
file,
and the Spring configuration -, let us create a simple
driver class with a main(..)
method
to demonstrate the LTW in action.
package foo;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public final class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml", Main.class);
EntitlementCalculationService entitlementCalculationService
= (EntitlementCalculationService) ctx.getBean("entitlementCalculationService");
// the profiling aspect is 'woven' around this method execution
entitlementCalculationService.calculateEntitlement();
}
}
There
is one last thing to do. The introduction to this section
did say that one could switch on LTW selectively on a per- ClassLoader
basis
with Spring, and this is true. However, just for this
example, we are going to use a Java agent (supplied with
Spring) to switch on the LTW. This is the command line we
will use to run the above Main
class:
java -javaagent:C:/projects/foo/lib/global/spring-instrument.jar foo.Main
The -javaagent
is
a flag for specifying and enabling agents
to instrument programs running on the JVM. The Spring
Framework ships with such an agent, the InstrumentationSavingAgent
,
which is packaged in the spring-instrument.jar
that
was supplied as the value of the -javaagent
argument
in the above example.
The
output from the execution of the Main
program
will look something like that below. (I have introduced a Thread.sleep(..)
statement
into the calculateEntitlement()
implementation
so that the profiler actually captures something other than
0 milliseconds - the 01234
milliseconds
is not an
overhead introduced by the AOP :) )
Calculating entitlement StopWatch 'ProfilingAspect': running time (millis) = 1234 ------ ----- ---------------------------- ms % Task name ------ ----- ---------------------------- 01234 100% calculateEntitlement
Since
this LTW is effected using full-blown AspectJ, we are not
just limited to advising Spring beans; the following slight
variation on the Main
program
will yield the same result.
package foo;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public final class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml", Main.class);
EntitlementCalculationService entitlementCalculationService =
new StubEntitlementCalculationService();
// the profiling aspect will be 'woven' around this method execution
entitlementCalculationService.calculateEntitlement();
}
}
Notice
how in the above program we are simply bootstrapping the
Spring container, and then creating a new instance of the StubEntitlementCalculationService
totally
outside the context of Spring… the profiling advice still
gets woven in.
The example admittedly is simplistic… however the basics of the LTW support in Spring have all been introduced in the above example, and the rest of this section will explain the 'why' behind each bit of configuration and usage in detail.
The |
Aspects
The aspects that you use in LTW have to be AspectJ aspects. They can be written in either the AspectJ language itself or you can write your aspects in the @AspectJ-style. It means that your aspects are then both valid AspectJ and Spring AOP aspects. Furthermore, the compiled aspect classes need to be available on the classpath.
'META-INF/aop.xml'
The
AspectJ LTW infrastructure is configured using one or more META-INF/aop.xml
files,
that are on the Java classpath (either directly, or more
typically in jar files).
The
structure and contents of this file is detailed in the main
AspectJ reference documentation, and the interested reader
isreferred
to that resource. (I appreciate that this section is
brief, but the aop.xml
file
is 100% AspectJ - there is no Spring-specific information or
semantics that apply to it, and so there is no extra value
that I can contribute either as a result), so rather than
rehash the quite satisfactory section that the AspectJ
developers wrote, I am just directing you there.)
Required libraries (JARS)
At a minimum you will need the following libraries to use the Spring Framework’s support for AspectJ LTW:
-
spring-aop.jar
(version 2.5 or later, plus all mandatory dependencies) -
aspectjweaver.jar
(version 1.6.8 or later)
If you are using the Spring-provided agent to enable instrumentation, you will also need:
-
spring-instrument.jar
Spring configuration
The
key component in Spring’s LTW support is the LoadTimeWeaver
interface
(in theorg.springframework.instrument.classloading
package),
and the numerous implementations of it that ship with the
Spring distribution. A LoadTimeWeaver
is
responsible for adding one or more java.lang.instrument.ClassFileTransformers
to
a ClassLoader
at
runtime, which opens the door to all manner of interesting
applications, one of which happens to be the LTW of aspects.
If
you are unfamiliar with the idea of runtime class
file transformation, you are encouraged to read
the javadoc API documentation for the |
Configuring
a LoadTimeWeaver
for
a particular ApplicationContext
can
be as easy as adding one line. (Please note that you almost
certainly will need to be using an ApplicationContext
as
your Spring container - typically a BeanFactory
will
not be enough because the LTW support makes use of BeanFactoryPostProcessors
.)
To
enable the Spring Framework’s LTW support, you need to
configure a LoadTimeWeaver
,
which typically is done using the @EnableLoadTimeWeaving
annotation.
@Configuration
@EnableLoadTimeWeaving
public class AppConfig {
}
Alternatively,
if you prefer XML based configuration, use the <context:load-time-weaver/>
element.
Note that the element is defined in the context
namespace.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:load-time-weaver/>
</beans>
The
above configuration will define and register a number of
LTW-specific infrastructure beans for you automatically,
such as a LoadTimeWeaver
and
an AspectJWeavingEnabler
.
The default LoadTimeWeaver
is
the DefaultContextLoadTimeWeaver
class,
which attempts to decorate an automatically detected LoadTimeWeaver
:
the exact type of LoadTimeWeaver
that
will be 'automatically detected' is dependent upon your
runtime environment (summarized in the following table).
Runtime Environment | LoadTimeWeaver implementation |
---|---|
Running in Oracle’s WebLogic |
|
Running in Oracle’s GlassFish |
|
Running in Apache Tomcat |
|
|
|
Running in IBM’s WebSphere |
|
JVM
started with Spring |
|
Fallback,
expecting the underlying ClassLoader to follow common
conventions (e.g. applicable to |
|
Note
that these are just the LoadTimeWeavers
that
are autodetected when using the DefaultContextLoadTimeWeaver
:
it is of course possible to specify exactly which LoadTimeWeaver
implementation
that you wish to use.
To
specify a specific LoadTimeWeaver
with
Java configuration implement the LoadTimeWeavingConfigurer
interface
and override the getLoadTimeWeaver()
method:
@Configuration
@EnableLoadTimeWeaving
public class AppConfig implements LoadTimeWeavingConfigurer {
@Override
public LoadTimeWeaver getLoadTimeWeaver() {
return new ReflectiveLoadTimeWeaver();
}
}
If
you are using XML based configuration you can specify the
fully-qualified classname as the value of the weaver-class
attribute
on the <context:load-time-weaver/>
element:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
<context:load-time-weaver
weaver-class="org.springframework.instrument.classloading.ReflectiveLoadTimeWeaver"/>
</beans>
The LoadTimeWeaver
that
is defined and registered by the configuration can be later
retrieved from the Spring container using the well-known
name loadTimeWeaver
.
Remember that the LoadTimeWeaver
exists
just as a mechanism for Spring’s LTW infrastructure to add
one or more ClassFileTransformers
.
The actual ClassFileTransformer
that
does the LTW is the ClassPreProcessorAgentAdapter
(from
the org.aspectj.weaver.loadtime
package)
class. See the class-level javadocs of the ClassPreProcessorAgentAdapter
class
for further details, because the specifics of how the
weaving is actually effected is beyond the scope of this
section.
There
is one final attribute of the configuration left to discuss:
the aspectjWeaving
attribute
(or aspectj-weaving
if
you are using XML). This is a simple attribute that controls
whether LTW is enabled or not; it is as simple as that. It
accepts one of three possible values, summarized below, with
the default value being autodetect
if
the attribute is not present.
Annotation Value | XML Value | Explanation |
---|---|---|
|
|
AspectJ weaving is on, and aspects will be woven at load-time as appropriate. |
|
|
LTW is off… no aspect will be woven at load-time. |
|
|
If
the Spring LTW infrastructure can find at least one |
Environment-specific configuration
This last section contains any additional settings and configuration that you will need when using Spring’s LTW support in environments such as application servers and web containers.
Tomcat
Historically, Apache
Tomcat's default class loader did not support class
transformation which is why Spring provides an enhanced
implementation that addresses this need. Named TomcatInstrumentableClassLoader
,
the loader works on Tomcat 6.0 and above.
Do
not define |
If
you still need to use TomcatInstrumentableClassLoader
,
it can be registered individually for each web
application as follows:
-
Copy
org.springframework.instrument.tomcat.jar
into $CATALINA_HOME/lib, where $CATALINA_HOME represents the root of the Tomcat installation) -
Instruct Tomcat to use the custom class loader (instead of the default) by editing the web application context file:
<Context path="/myWebApp" docBase="/my/webApp/location">
<Loader
loaderClass="org.springframework.instrument.classloading.tomcat.TomcatInstrumentableClassLoader"/>
</Context>
Apache Tomcat (6.0+) supports several context locations:
-
server configuration file - $CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml
-
default context configuration - $CATALINA_HOME/conf/context.xml - that affects all deployed web applications
-
per-web application configuration which can be deployed either on the server-side at$CATALINA_HOME/conf/[enginename]/[hostname]/[webapp]-context.xml or embedded inside the web-app archive at META-INF/context.xml
For efficiency, the embedded per-web-app configuration style is recommended because it will impact only applications that use the custom class loader and does not require any changes to the server configuration. See the Tomcat 6.0.x documentation for more details about available context locations.
Alternatively, consider the use of the Spring-provided generic VM agent, to be specified in Tomcat’s launch script (see above). This will make instrumentation available to all deployed web applications, no matter what ClassLoader they happen to run on.
WebLogic, WebSphere, Resin, GlassFish, JBoss
Recent
versions of WebLogic Server (version 10 and above), IBM
WebSphere Application Server (version 7 and above), Resin
(3.1 and above) and JBoss (6.x or above) provide a
ClassLoader that is capable of local instrumentation.
Spring’s native LTW leverages such ClassLoaders to enable
AspectJ weaving. You can enable LTW by simply activating
load-time weaving as described earlier. Specifically, you
do not need
to modify the launch script to add -javaagent:path/to/spring-instrument.jar
.
Note that GlassFish instrumentation-capable ClassLoader is available only in its EAR environment. For GlassFish web applications, follow the Tomcat setup instructions as outlined above.
Note
that on JBoss 6.x, the app server scanning needs to be
disabled to prevent it from loading the classes before the
application actually starts. A quick workaround is to add
to your artifact a file named WEB-INF/jboss-scanning.xml
with
the following content:
<scanning xmlns="urn:jboss:scanning:1.0"/>
Generic Java applications
When
class instrumentation is required in environments that do
not support or are not supported by the existing LoadTimeWeaver
implementations,
a JDK agent can be the only solution. For such cases,
Spring provides InstrumentationLoadTimeWeaver
,
which requires a Spring-specific (but very general) VM
agent,org.springframework.instrument-{version}.jar
(previously
named spring-agent.jar
).
To use it, you must start the virtual machine with the Spring agent, by supplying the following JVM options:
-javaagent:/path/to/org.springframework.instrument-{version}.jar
Note that this requires modification of the VM launch script which may prevent you from using this in application server environments (depending on your operation policies). Additionally, the JDK agent will instrument the entire VM which can prove expensive.
For performance reasons, it is recommended to use this configuration only if your target environment (such as Jetty) does not have (or does not support) a dedicated LTW.
5.9. Further Resources
More information on AspectJ can be found on the AspectJ website.
The book Eclipse AspectJ by Adrian Colyer et. al. (Addison-Wesley, 2005) provides a comprehensive introduction and reference for the AspectJ language.
The book AspectJ in Action, Second Edition by Ramnivas Laddad (Manning, 2009) comes highly recommended; the focus of the book is on AspectJ, but a lot of general AOP themes are explored (in some depth).
6. Spring AOP APIs
6.1. Introduction
The previous chapter described the Spring’s support for AOP using @AspectJ and schema-based aspect definitions. In this chapter we discuss the lower-level Spring AOP APIs and the AOP support typically used in Spring 1.2 applications. For new applications, we recommend the use of the Spring 2.0 and later AOP support described in the previous chapter, but when working with existing applications, or when reading books and articles, you may come across Spring 1.2 style examples. Spring 5 remains backwards compatible with Spring 1.2 and everything described in this chapter is fully supported in Spring 5.
6.2. Pointcut API in Spring
Let’s look at how Spring handles the crucial pointcut concept.
6.2.1. Concepts
Spring’s pointcut model enables pointcut reuse independent of advice types. It’s possible to target different advice using the same pointcut.
The org.springframework.aop.Pointcut
interface
is the central interface, used to target advices to particular
classes and methods. The complete interface is shown below:
public interface Pointcut {
ClassFilter getClassFilter();
MethodMatcher getMethodMatcher();
}
Splitting
the Pointcut
interface
into two parts allows reuse of class and method matching
parts, and fine-grained composition operations (such as
performing a "union" with another method matcher).
The ClassFilter
interface
is used to restrict the pointcut to a given set of target
classes. If the matches()
method
always returns true, all target classes will be matched:
public interface ClassFilter {
boolean matches(Class clazz);
}
The MethodMatcher
interface
is normally more important. The complete interface is shown
below:
public interface MethodMatcher {
boolean matches(Method m, Class targetClass);
boolean isRuntime();
boolean matches(Method m, Class targetClass, Object[] args);
}
The matches(Method,
Class)
method is used to test
whether this pointcut will ever match a given method on a
target class. This evaluation can be performed when an AOP
proxy is created, to avoid the need for a test on every method
invocation. If the 2-argument matches method returns true for
a given method, and the isRuntime()
method
for the MethodMatcher returns true, the 3-argument matches
method will be invoked on every method invocation. This
enables a pointcut to look at the arguments passed to the
method invocation immediately before the target advice is to
execute.
Most
MethodMatchers are static, meaning that their isRuntime()
method
returns false. In this case, the 3-argument matches method
will never be invoked.
If possible, try to make pointcuts static, allowing the AOP framework to cache the results of pointcut evaluation when an AOP proxy is created. |
6.2.2. Operations on pointcuts
Spring supports operations on pointcuts: notably, union and intersection.
-
Union means the methods that either pointcut matches.
-
Intersection means the methods that both pointcuts match.
-
Union is usually more useful.
-
Pointcuts can be composed using the static methods in the org.springframework.aop.support.Pointcuts class, or using theComposablePointcut class in the same package. However, using AspectJ pointcut expressions is usually a simpler approach.
6.2.3. AspectJ expression pointcuts
Since
2.0, the most important type of pointcut used by Spring isorg.springframework.aop.aspectj.AspectJExpressionPointcut
.
This is a pointcut that uses an AspectJ supplied library to
parse an AspectJ pointcut expression string.
See the previous chapter for a discussion of supported AspectJ pointcut primitives.
6.2.4. Convenience pointcut implementations
Spring provides several convenient pointcut implementations. Some can be used out of the box; others are intended to be subclassed in application-specific pointcuts.
Static pointcuts
Static pointcuts are based on method and target class, and cannot take into account the method’s arguments. Static pointcuts are sufficient - and best - for most usages. It’s possible for Spring to evaluate a static pointcut only once, when a method is first invoked: after that, there is no need to evaluate the pointcut again with each method invocation.
Let’s consider some static pointcut implementations included with Spring.
Regular expression pointcuts
One
obvious way to specify static pointcuts is regular
expressions. Several AOP frameworks besides Spring make
this possible.org.springframework.aop.support.JdkRegexpMethodPointcut
is
a generic regular expression pointcut, using the regular
expression support in the JDK.
Using
the JdkRegexpMethodPointcut
class,
you can provide a list of pattern Strings. If any of these
is a match, the pointcut will evaluate to true. (So the
result is effectively the union of these pointcuts.)
The usage is shown below:
<bean id="settersAndAbsquatulatePointcut"
class="org.springframework.aop.support.JdkRegexpMethodPointcut">
<property name="patterns">
<list>
<value>.*set.*</value>
<value>.*absquatulate</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
Spring
provides a convenience class, RegexpMethodPointcutAdvisor
,
that allows us to also reference an Advice (remember that
an Advice can be an interceptor, before advice, throws
advice etc.). Behind the scenes, Spring will use a JdkRegexpMethodPointcut
.
Using RegexpMethodPointcutAdvisor
simplifies
wiring, as the one bean encapsulates both pointcut and
advice, as shown below:
<bean id="settersAndAbsquatulateAdvisor"
class="org.springframework.aop.support.RegexpMethodPointcutAdvisor">
<property name="advice">
<ref bean="beanNameOfAopAllianceInterceptor"/>
</property>
<property name="patterns">
<list>
<value>.*set.*</value>
<value>.*absquatulate</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
RegexpMethodPointcutAdvisor can be used with any Advice type.
Attribute-driven pointcuts
An important type of static pointcut is a metadata-driven pointcut. This uses the values of metadata attributes: typically, source-level metadata.
Dynamic pointcuts
Dynamic pointcuts are costlier to evaluate than static pointcuts. They take into account method arguments, as well as static information. This means that they must be evaluated with every method invocation; the result cannot be cached, as arguments will vary.
The
main example is the control
flow
pointcut.
Control flow pointcuts
Spring
control flow pointcuts are conceptually similar to AspectJ cflow pointcuts,
although less powerful. (There is currently no way to
specify that a pointcut executes below a join point
matched by another pointcut.) A control flow pointcut
matches the current call stack. For example, it might fire
if the join point was invoked by a method in the com.mycompany.web
package,
or by the SomeCaller
class.
Control flow pointcuts are specified using the org.springframework.aop.support.ControlFlowPointcut
class.
Control flow pointcuts are significantly more expensive to evaluate at runtime than even other dynamic pointcuts. In Java 1.4, the cost is about 5 times that of other dynamic pointcuts. |
6.2.5. Pointcut superclasses
Spring provides useful pointcut superclasses to help you to implement your own pointcuts.
Because static pointcuts are most useful, you’ll probably subclass StaticMethodMatcherPointcut, as shown below. This requires implementing just one abstract method (although it’s possible to override other methods to customize behavior):
class TestStaticPointcut extends StaticMethodMatcherPointcut {
public boolean matches(Method m, Class targetClass) {
// return true if custom criteria match
}
}
There are also superclasses for dynamic pointcuts.
You can use custom pointcuts with any advice type in Spring 1.0 RC2 and above.
6.2.6. Custom pointcuts
Because pointcuts in Spring AOP are Java classes, rather than language features (as in AspectJ) it’s possible to declare custom pointcuts, whether static or dynamic. Custom pointcuts in Spring can be arbitrarily complex. However, using the AspectJ pointcut expression language is recommended if possible.
Later versions of Spring may offer support for "semantic pointcuts" as offered by JAC: for example, "all methods that change instance variables in the target object." |
6.3. Advice API in Spring
Let’s now look at how Spring AOP handles advice.
6.3.1. Advice lifecycles
Each advice is a Spring bean. An advice instance can be shared across all advised objects, or unique to each advised object. This corresponds to per-class or per-instance advice.
Per-class advice is used most often. It is appropriate for generic advice such as transaction advisors. These do not depend on the state of the proxied object or add new state; they merely act on the method and arguments.
Per-instance advice is appropriate for introductions, to support mixins. In this case, the advice adds state to the proxied object.
It’s possible to use a mix of shared and per-instance advice in the same AOP proxy.
6.3.2. Advice types in Spring
Spring provides several advice types out of the box, and is extensible to support arbitrary advice types. Let us look at the basic concepts and standard advice types.
Interception around advice
The most fundamental advice type in Spring is interception around advice.
Spring is compliant with the AOP Alliance interface for around advice using method interception. MethodInterceptors implementing around advice should implement the following interface:
public interface MethodInterceptor extends Interceptor {
Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable;
}
The MethodInvocation
argument
to the invoke()
method
exposes the method being invoked; the target join point; the
AOP proxy; and the arguments to the method. The invoke()
method
should return the invocation’s result: the return value of
the join point.
A
simple MethodInterceptor
implementation
looks as follows:
public class DebugInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor {
public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
System.out.println("Before: invocation=[" + invocation + "]");
Object rval = invocation.proceed();
System.out.println("Invocation returned");
return rval;
}
}
Note
the call to the MethodInvocation’s proceed()
method.
This proceeds down the interceptor chain towards the join
point. Most interceptors will invoke this method, and return
its return value. However, a MethodInterceptor, like any
around advice, can return a different value or throw an
exception rather than invoke the proceed method. However,
you don’t want to do this without good reason!
MethodInterceptors offer interoperability with other AOP Alliance-compliant AOP implementations. The other advice types discussed in the remainder of this section implement common AOP concepts, but in a Spring-specific way. While there is an advantage in using the most specific advice type, stick with MethodInterceptor around advice if you are likely to want to run the aspect in another AOP framework. Note that pointcuts are not currently interoperable between frameworks, and the AOP Alliance does not currently define pointcut interfaces. |
Before advice
A
simpler advice type is a before
advice. This does not need a MethodInvocation
object,
since it will only be called before entering the method.
The
main advantage of a before advice is that there is no need
to invoke the proceed()
method,
and therefore no possibility of inadvertently failing to
proceed down the interceptor chain.
The MethodBeforeAdvice
interface
is shown below. (Spring’s API design would allow for field
before advice, although the usual objects apply to field
interception and it’s unlikely that Spring will ever
implement it).
public interface MethodBeforeAdvice extends BeforeAdvice {
void before(Method m, Object[] args, Object target) throws Throwable;
}
Note
the return type is void
.
Before advice can insert custom behavior before the join
point executes, but cannot change the return value. If a
before advice throws an exception, this will abort further
execution of the interceptor chain. The exception will
propagate back up the interceptor chain. If it is unchecked,
or on the signature of the invoked method, it will be passed
directly to the client; otherwise it will be wrapped in an
unchecked exception by the AOP proxy.
An example of a before advice in Spring, which counts all method invocations:
public class CountingBeforeAdvice implements MethodBeforeAdvice {
private int count;
public void before(Method m, Object[] args, Object target) throws Throwable {
++count;
}
public int getCount() {
return count;
}
}
Before advice can be used with any pointcut. |
Throws advice
Throws
advice is invoked after the return
of the join point if the join point threw an exception.
Spring offers typed throws advice. Note that this means that
the org.springframework.aop.ThrowsAdvice
interface
does not contain any methods: It is a tag interface
identifying that the given object implements one or more
typed throws advice methods. These should be in the form of:
afterThrowing([Method, args, target], subclassOfThrowable)
Only the last argument is required. The method signatures may have either one or four arguments, depending on whether the advice method is interested in the method and arguments. The following classes are examples of throws advice.
The
advice below is invoked if a RemoteException
is
thrown (including subclasses):
public class RemoteThrowsAdvice implements ThrowsAdvice {
public void afterThrowing(RemoteException ex) throws Throwable {
// Do something with remote exception
}
}
The
following advice is invoked if a ServletException
is
thrown. Unlike the above advice, it declares 4 arguments, so
that it has access to the invoked method, method arguments
and target object:
public class ServletThrowsAdviceWithArguments implements ThrowsAdvice {
public void afterThrowing(Method m, Object[] args, Object target, ServletException ex) {
// Do something with all arguments
}
}
The
final example illustrates how these two methods could be
used in a single class, which handles both RemoteException
and ServletException
.
Any number of throws advice methods can be combined in a
single class.
public static class CombinedThrowsAdvice implements ThrowsAdvice {
public void afterThrowing(RemoteException ex) throws Throwable {
// Do something with remote exception
}
public void afterThrowing(Method m, Object[] args, Object target, ServletException ex) {
// Do something with all arguments
}
}
If a throws-advice method throws an exception itself, it will override the original exception (i.e. change the exception thrown to the user). The overriding exception will typically be a RuntimeException; this is compatible with any method signature. However, if a throws-advice method throws a checked exception, it will have to match the declared exceptions of the target method and is hence to some degree coupled to specific target method signatures. Do not throw an undeclared checked exception that is incompatible with the target method’s signature! |
Throws advice can be used with any pointcut. |
After Returning advice
An after returning advice in Spring must implement the org.springframework.aop.AfterReturningAdvice interface, shown below:
public interface AfterReturningAdvice extends Advice {
void afterReturning(Object returnValue, Method m, Object[] args, Object target)
throws Throwable;
}
An after returning advice has access to the return value (which it cannot modify), invoked method, methods arguments and target.
The following after returning advice counts all successful method invocations that have not thrown exceptions:
public class CountingAfterReturningAdvice implements AfterReturningAdvice {
private int count;
public void afterReturning(Object returnValue, Method m, Object[] args, Object target)
throws Throwable {
++count;
}
public int getCount() {
return count;
}
}
This advice doesn’t change the execution path. If it throws an exception, this will be thrown up the interceptor chain instead of the return value.
After returning advice can be used with any pointcut. |
Introduction advice
Spring treats introduction advice as a special kind of interception advice.
Introduction
requires an IntroductionAdvisor
,
and an IntroductionInterceptor
,
implementing the following interface:
public interface IntroductionInterceptor extends MethodInterceptor {
boolean implementsInterface(Class intf);
}
The invoke()
method
inherited from the AOP Alliance MethodInterceptor
interface
must implement the introduction: that is, if the invoked
method is on an introduced interface, the introduction
interceptor is responsible for handling the method call - it
cannot invoke proceed()
.
Introduction
advice cannot be used with any pointcut, as it applies only
at class, rather than method, level. You can only use
introduction advice with the IntroductionAdvisor
,
which has the following methods:
public interface IntroductionAdvisor extends Advisor, IntroductionInfo {
ClassFilter getClassFilter();
void validateInterfaces() throws IllegalArgumentException;
}
public interface IntroductionInfo {
Class[] getInterfaces();
}
There
is no MethodMatcher
,
and hence no Pointcut
,
associated with introduction advice. Only class filtering is
logical.
The getInterfaces()
method
returns the interfaces introduced by this advisor.
The validateInterfaces()
method
is used internally to see whether or not the introduced
interfaces can be implemented by the configured IntroductionInterceptor
.
Let’s look at a simple example from the Spring test suite. Let’s suppose we want to introduce the following interface to one or more objects:
public interface Lockable {
void lock();
void unlock();
boolean locked();
}
This
illustrates a mixin.
We want to be able to cast advised objects to Lockable,
whatever their type, and call lock and unlock methods. If we
call the lock() method, we want all setter methods to throw
a LockedException
.
Thus we can add an aspect that provides the ability to make
objects immutable, without them having any knowledge of it:
a good example of AOP.
Firstly,
we’ll need an IntroductionInterceptor
that
does the heavy lifting. In this case, we extend the org.springframework.aop.support.DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor
convenience
class. We could implement IntroductionInterceptor directly,
but using DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor
is
best for most cases.
The DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor
is
designed to delegate an introduction to an actual
implementation of the introduced interface(s), concealing
the use of interception to do so. The delegate can be set to
any object using a constructor argument; the default
delegate (when the no-arg constructor is used) is this. Thus
in the example below, the delegate is the LockMixin
subclass
of DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor
.
Given a delegate (by default itself), a DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor
instance
looks for all interfaces implemented by the delegate (other
than IntroductionInterceptor), and will support
introductions against any of them. It’s possible for
subclasses such as LockMixin
to
call the suppressInterface(Class
intf)
method to suppress
interfaces that should not be exposed. However, no matter
how many interfaces an IntroductionInterceptor
is
prepared to support, the IntroductionAdvisor
used
will control which interfaces are actually exposed. An
introduced interface will conceal any implementation of the
same interface by the target.
Thus LockMixin
extends DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor
and
implements Lockable
itself.
The superclass automatically picks up that Lockable can be
supported for introduction, so we don’t need to specify
that. We could introduce any number of interfaces in this
way.
Note
the use of the locked
instance
variable. This effectively adds additional state to that
held in the target object.
public class LockMixin extends DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor implements Lockable {
private boolean locked;
public void lock() {
this.locked = true;
}
public void unlock() {
this.locked = false;
}
public boolean locked() {
return this.locked;
}
public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
if (locked() && invocation.getMethod().getName().indexOf("set") == 0) {
throw new LockedException();
}
return super.invoke(invocation);
}
}
Often
it isn’t necessary to override the invoke()
method:
the DelegatingIntroductionInterceptor
implementation
- which calls the delegate method if the method is
introduced, otherwise proceeds towards the join point - is
usually sufficient. In the present case, we need to add a
check: no setter method can be invoked if in locked mode.
The
introduction advisor required is simple. All it needs to do
is hold a distinct LockMixin
instance,
and specify the introduced interfaces - in this case, just Lockable
.
A more complex example might take a reference to the
introduction interceptor (which would be defined as a
prototype): in this case, there’s no configuration relevant
for a LockMixin
,
so we simply create it using new
.
public class LockMixinAdvisor extends DefaultIntroductionAdvisor {
public LockMixinAdvisor() {
super(new LockMixin(), Lockable.class);
}
}
We
can apply this advisor very simply: it requires no
configuration. (However, it is necessary:
It’s impossible to use an IntroductionInterceptor
without
an IntroductionAdvisor.)
As usual with introductions, the advisor must be
per-instance, as it is stateful. We need a different
instance of LockMixinAdvisor
,
and hence LockMixin
,
for each advised object. The advisor comprises part of the
advised object’s state.
We
can apply this advisor programmatically, using the Advised.addAdvisor()
method,
or (the recommended way) in XML configuration, like any
other advisor. All proxy creation choices discussed below,
including "auto proxy creators," correctly handle
introductions and stateful mixins.
6.4. Advisor API in Spring
In Spring, an Advisor is an aspect that contains just a single advice object associated with a pointcut expression.
Apart
from the special case of introductions, any advisor can be used
with any advice.org.springframework.aop.support.DefaultPointcutAdvisor
is
the most commonly used advisor class. For example, it can be
used with a MethodInterceptor
, BeforeAdvice
or ThrowsAdvice
.
It is possible to mix advisor and advice types in Spring in the same AOP proxy. For example, you could use a interception around advice, throws advice and before advice in one proxy configuration: Spring will automatically create the necessary interceptor chain.
6.5. Using the ProxyFactoryBean to create AOP proxies
If you’re using the Spring IoC container (an ApplicationContext or BeanFactory) for your business objects - and you should be! - you will want to use one of Spring’s AOP FactoryBeans. (Remember that a factory bean introduces a layer of indirection, enabling it to create objects of a different type.)
The Spring AOP support also uses factory beans under the covers. |
The basic way to create an AOP proxy in Spring is to use the org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean. This gives complete control over the pointcuts and advice that will apply, and their ordering. However, there are simpler options that are preferable if you don’t need such control.
6.5.1. Basics
The ProxyFactoryBean
,
like other Spring FactoryBean
implementations,
introduces a level of indirection. If you define a ProxyFactoryBean
with
name foo
,
what objects referencing foo
see
is not the ProxyFactoryBean
instance
itself, but an object created by the ProxyFactoryBean
's
implementation of the getObject()
method.
This method will create an AOP proxy wrapping a target object.
One
of the most important benefits of using a ProxyFactoryBean
or
another IoC-aware class to create AOP proxies, is that it
means that advices and pointcuts can also be managed by IoC.
This is a powerful feature, enabling certain approaches that
are hard to achieve with other AOP frameworks. For example, an
advice may itself reference application objects (besides the
target, which should be available in any AOP framework),
benefiting from all the pluggability provided by Dependency
Injection.
6.5.2. JavaBean properties
In
common with most FactoryBean
implementations
provided with Spring, the ProxyFactoryBean
class
is itself a JavaBean. Its properties are used to:
-
Specify the target you want to proxy.
-
Specify whether to use CGLIB (see below and also JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies).
Some
key properties are inherited from org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyConfig
(the
superclass for all AOP proxy factories in Spring). These key
properties include:
-
proxyTargetClass
:true
if the target class is to be proxied, rather than the target class' interfaces. If this property value is set totrue
, then CGLIB proxies will be created (but see also JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies). -
optimize
: controls whether or not aggressive optimizations are applied to proxies created via CGLIB. One should not blithely use this setting unless one fully understands how the relevant AOP proxy handles optimization. This is currently used only for CGLIB proxies; it has no effect with JDK dynamic proxies. -
frozen
: if a proxy configuration isfrozen
, then changes to the configuration are no longer allowed. This is useful both as a slight optimization and for those cases when you don’t want callers to be able to manipulate the proxy (via theAdvised
interface) after the proxy has been created. The default value of this property isfalse
, so changes such as adding additional advice are allowed. -
exposeProxy
: determines whether or not the current proxy should be exposed in aThreadLocal
so that it can be accessed by the target. If a target needs to obtain the proxy and theexposeProxy
property is set totrue
, the target can use theAopContext.currentProxy()
method.
Other
properties specific to ProxyFactoryBean
include:
-
proxyInterfaces
: array of String interface names. If this isn’t supplied, a CGLIB proxy for the target class will be used (but see also JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies). -
interceptorNames
: String array ofAdvisor
, interceptor or other advice names to apply. Ordering is significant, on a first come-first served basis. That is to say that the first interceptor in the list will be the first to be able to intercept the invocation.
The
names are bean names in the current factory, including bean
names from ancestor factories. You can’t mention bean
references here since doing so would result in the ProxyFactoryBean
ignoring
the singleton setting of the advice.
You
can append an interceptor name with an asterisk ( *
).
This will result in the application of all advisor beans with
names starting with the part before the asterisk to be
applied. An example of using this feature can be found in Using
'global' advisors.
-
singleton: whether or not the factory should return a single object, no matter how often the
getObject()
method is called. SeveralFactoryBean
implementations offer such a method. The default value istrue
. If you want to use stateful advice - for example, for stateful mixins - use prototype advices along with a singleton value offalse
.
6.5.3. JDK- and CGLIB-based proxies
This
section serves as the definitive documentation on how the ProxyFactoryBean
chooses
to create one of either a JDK- and CGLIB-based proxy for a
particular target object (that is to be proxied).
The
behavior of the |
If
the class of a target object that is to be proxied (hereafter
simply referred to as the target class) doesn’t implement any
interfaces, then a CGLIB-based proxy will be created. This is
the easiest scenario, because JDK proxies are interface based,
and no interfaces means JDK proxying isn’t even possible. One
simply plugs in the target bean, and specifies the list of
interceptors via the interceptorNames
property.
Note that a CGLIB-based proxy will be created even if the proxyTargetClass
property
of the ProxyFactoryBean
has
been set to false
.
(Obviously this makes no sense, and is best removed from the
bean definition because it is at best redundant, and at worst
confusing.)
If
the target class implements one (or more) interfaces, then the
type of proxy that is created depends on the configuration of
the ProxyFactoryBean
.
If
the proxyTargetClass
property
of the ProxyFactoryBean
has
been set to true
,
then a CGLIB-based proxy will be created. This makes sense,
and is in keeping with the principle of least surprise. Even
if the proxyInterfaces
property
of theProxyFactoryBean
has
been set to one or more fully qualified interface names, the
fact that the proxyTargetClass
property
is set to true
will cause
CGLIB-based proxying to be in effect.
If
the proxyInterfaces
property
of the ProxyFactoryBean
has
been set to one or more fully qualified interface names, then
a JDK-based proxy will be created. The created proxy will
implement all of the interfaces that were specified in the proxyInterfaces
property;
if the target class happens to implement a whole lot more
interfaces than those specified in the proxyInterfaces
property,
that is all well and good but those additional interfaces will
not be implemented by the returned proxy.
If
the proxyInterfaces
property
of the ProxyFactoryBean
has not been
set, but the target class does
implement one (or more) interfaces,
then the ProxyFactoryBean
will
auto-detect the fact that the target class does actually
implement at least one interface, and a JDK-based proxy will
be created. The interfaces that are actually proxied will be all of
the interfaces that the target class implements; in effect,
this is the same as simply supplying a list of each and every
interface that the target class implements to the proxyInterfaces
property.
However, it is significantly less work, and less prone to
typos.
6.5.4. Proxying interfaces
Let’s
look at a simple example of ProxyFactoryBean
in
action. This example involves:
-
A target bean that will be proxied. This is the "personTarget" bean definition in the example below.
-
An Advisor and an Interceptor used to provide advice.
-
An AOP proxy bean definition specifying the target object (the personTarget bean) and the interfaces to proxy, along with the advices to apply.
<bean id="personTarget" class="com.mycompany.PersonImpl">
<property name="name" value="Tony"/>
<property name="age" value="51"/>
</bean>
<bean id="myAdvisor" class="com.mycompany.MyAdvisor">
<property name="someProperty" value="Custom string property value"/>
</bean>
<bean id="debugInterceptor" class="org.springframework.aop.interceptor.DebugInterceptor">
</bean>
<bean id="person"
class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
<property name="proxyInterfaces" value="com.mycompany.Person"/>
<property name="target" ref="personTarget"/>
<property name="interceptorNames">
<list>
<value>myAdvisor</value>
<value>debugInterceptor</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
Note
that the interceptorNames
property
takes a list of String: the bean names of the interceptor or
advisors in the current factory. Advisors, interceptors,
before, after returning and throws advice objects can be used.
The ordering of advisors is significant.
You might be wondering why the list doesn’t hold bean references. The reason for this is that if the ProxyFactoryBean’s singleton property is set to false, it must be able to return independent proxy instances. If any of the advisors is itself a prototype, an independent instance would need to be returned, so it’s necessary to be able to obtain an instance of the prototype from the factory; holding a reference isn’t sufficient. |
The "person" bean definition above can be used in place of a Person implementation, as follows:
Person person = (Person) factory.getBean("person");
Other beans in the same IoC context can express a strongly typed dependency on it, as with an ordinary Java object:
<bean id="personUser" class="com.mycompany.PersonUser">
<property name="person"><ref bean="person"/></property>
</bean>
The PersonUser
class
in this example would expose a property of type Person. As far
as it’s concerned, the AOP proxy can be used transparently in
place of a "real" person implementation. However, its class
would be a dynamic proxy class. It would be possible to cast
it to the Advised
interface
(discussed below).
It’s
possible to conceal the distinction between target and proxy
using an anonymous inner
bean, as follows. Only the ProxyFactoryBean
definition
is different; the advice is included only for completeness:
<bean id="myAdvisor" class="com.mycompany.MyAdvisor">
<property name="someProperty" value="Custom string property value"/>
</bean>
<bean id="debugInterceptor" class="org.springframework.aop.interceptor.DebugInterceptor"/>
<bean id="person" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
<property name="proxyInterfaces" value="com.mycompany.Person"/>
<!-- Use inner bean, not local reference to target -->
<property name="target">
<bean class="com.mycompany.PersonImpl">
<property name="name" value="Tony"/>
<property name="age" value="51"/>
</bean>
</property>
<property name="interceptorNames">
<list>
<value>myAdvisor</value>
<value>debugInterceptor</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
This
has the advantage that there’s only one object of type Person
:
useful if we want to prevent users of the application context
from obtaining a reference to the un-advised object, or need
to avoid any ambiguity with Spring IoC autowiring.
There’s also arguably an advantage in that the
ProxyFactoryBean definition is self-contained. However, there
are times when being able to obtain the un-advised target from
the factory might actually be an advantage:
for example, in certain test scenarios.
6.5.5. Proxying classes
What if you need to proxy a class, rather than one or more interfaces?
Imagine
that in our example above, there was no Person
interface:
we needed to advise a class called Person
that
didn’t implement any business interface. In this case, you can
configure Spring to use CGLIB proxying, rather than dynamic
proxies. Simply set the proxyTargetClass
property
on the ProxyFactoryBean above to true. While it’s best to
program to interfaces, rather than classes, the ability to
advise classes that don’t implement interfaces can be useful
when working with legacy code. (In general, Spring isn’t
prescriptive. While it makes it easy to apply good practices,
it avoids forcing a particular approach.)
If you want to, you can force the use of CGLIB in any case, even if you do have interfaces.
CGLIB proxying works by generating a subclass of the target class at runtime. Spring configures this generated subclass to delegate method calls to the original target: the subclass is used to implement the Decorator pattern, weaving in the advice.
CGLIB proxying should generally be transparent to users. However, there are some issues to consider:
-
Final
methods can’t be advised, as they can’t be overridden. -
There is no need to add CGLIB to your classpath. As of Spring 3.2, CGLIB is repackaged and included in the spring-core JAR. In other words, CGLIB-based AOP will work "out of the box" just as do JDK dynamic proxies.
There’s little performance difference between CGLIB proxying and dynamic proxies. As of Spring 1.0, dynamic proxies are slightly faster. However, this may change in the future. Performance should not be a decisive consideration in this case.
6.5.6. Using 'global' advisors
By appending an asterisk to an interceptor name, all advisors with bean names matching the part before the asterisk, will be added to the advisor chain. This can come in handy if you need to add a standard set of 'global' advisors:
<bean id="proxy" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
<property name="target" ref="service"/>
<property name="interceptorNames">
<list>
<value>global*</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="global_debug" class="org.springframework.aop.interceptor.DebugInterceptor"/>
<bean id="global_performance" class="org.springframework.aop.interceptor.PerformanceMonitorInterceptor"/>
6.6. Concise proxy definitions
Especially when defining transactional proxies, you may end up with many similar proxy definitions. The use of parent and child bean definitions, along with inner bean definitions, can result in much cleaner and more concise proxy definitions.
First a parent, template, bean definition is created for the proxy:
<bean id="txProxyTemplate" abstract="true"
class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionProxyFactoryBean">
<property name="transactionManager" ref="transactionManager"/>
<property name="transactionAttributes">
<props>
<prop key="*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
This will never be instantiated itself, so may actually be incomplete. Then each proxy which needs to be created is just a child bean definition, which wraps the target of the proxy as an inner bean definition, since the target will never be used on its own anyway.
<bean id="myService" parent="txProxyTemplate">
<property name="target">
<bean class="org.springframework.samples.MyServiceImpl">
</bean>
</property>
</bean>
It is of course possible to override properties from the parent template, such as in this case, the transaction propagation settings:
<bean id="mySpecialService" parent="txProxyTemplate">
<property name="target">
<bean class="org.springframework.samples.MySpecialServiceImpl">
</bean>
</property>
<property name="transactionAttributes">
<props>
<prop key="get*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,readOnly</prop>
<prop key="find*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,readOnly</prop>
<prop key="load*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED,readOnly</prop>
<prop key="store*">PROPAGATION_REQUIRED</prop>
</props>
</property>
</bean>
Note that in the example above, we have explicitly marked the parent bean definition as abstract by using the abstract attribute, as described previously, so that it may not actually ever be instantiated. Application contexts (but not simple bean factories) will by default pre-instantiate all singletons. It is therefore important (at least for singleton beans) that if you have a (parent) bean definition which you intend to use only as a template, and this definition specifies a class, you must make sure to set the abstract attribute to true, otherwise the application context will actually try to pre-instantiate it.
6.7. Creating AOP proxies programmatically with the ProxyFactory
It’s easy to create AOP proxies programmatically using Spring. This enables you to use Spring AOP without dependency on Spring IoC.
The following listing shows creation of a proxy for a target object, with one interceptor and one advisor. The interfaces implemented by the target object will automatically be proxied:
ProxyFactory factory = new ProxyFactory(myBusinessInterfaceImpl);
factory.addAdvice(myMethodInterceptor);
factory.addAdvisor(myAdvisor);
MyBusinessInterface tb = (MyBusinessInterface) factory.getProxy();
The
first step is to construct an object of type org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactory
.
You can create this with a target object, as in the above
example, or specify the interfaces to be proxied in an alternate
constructor.
You can add advices (with interceptors as a specialized kind of advice) and/or advisors, and manipulate them for the life of the ProxyFactory. If you add an IntroductionInterceptionAroundAdvisor, you can cause the proxy to implement additional interfaces.
There
are also convenience methods on ProxyFactory (inherited from AdvisedSupport
)
which allow you to add other advice types such as before and
throws advice. AdvisedSupport is the superclass of both
ProxyFactory and ProxyFactoryBean.
Integrating AOP proxy creation with the IoC framework is best practice in most applications. We recommend that you externalize configuration from Java code with AOP, as in general. |
6.8. Manipulating advised objects
However
you create AOP proxies, you can manipulate them using the org.springframework.aop.framework.Advised
interface.
Any AOP proxy can be cast to this interface, whichever other
interfaces it implements. This interface includes the following
methods:
Advisor[] getAdvisors();
void addAdvice(Advice advice) throws AopConfigException;
void addAdvice(int pos, Advice advice) throws AopConfigException;
void addAdvisor(Advisor advisor) throws AopConfigException;
void addAdvisor(int pos, Advisor advisor) throws AopConfigException;
int indexOf(Advisor advisor);
boolean removeAdvisor(Advisor advisor) throws AopConfigException;
void removeAdvisor(int index) throws AopConfigException;
boolean replaceAdvisor(Advisor a, Advisor b) throws AopConfigException;
boolean isFrozen();
The getAdvisors()
method
will return an Advisor for every advisor, interceptor or other
advice type that has been added to the factory. If you added an
Advisor, the returned advisor at this index will be the object
that you added. If you added an interceptor or other advice
type, Spring will have wrapped this in an advisor with a
pointcut that always returns true. Thus if you added a MethodInterceptor
,
the advisor returned for this index will be an DefaultPointcutAdvisor
returning
yourMethodInterceptor
and
a pointcut that matches all classes and methods.
The addAdvisor()
methods
can be used to add any Advisor. Usually the advisor holding
pointcut and advice will be the generic DefaultPointcutAdvisor
,
which can be used with any advice or pointcut (but not for
introductions).
By default, it’s possible to add or remove advisors or interceptors even once a proxy has been created. The only restriction is that it’s impossible to add or remove an introduction advisor, as existing proxies from the factory will not show the interface change. (You can obtain a new proxy from the factory to avoid this problem.)
A
simple example of casting an AOP proxy to the Advised
interface
and examining and manipulating its advice:
Advised advised = (Advised) myObject;
Advisor[] advisors = advised.getAdvisors();
int oldAdvisorCount = advisors.length;
System.out.println(oldAdvisorCount + " advisors");
// Add an advice like an interceptor without a pointcut
// Will match all proxied methods
// Can use for interceptors, before, after returning or throws advice
advised.addAdvice(new DebugInterceptor());
// Add selective advice using a pointcut
advised.addAdvisor(new DefaultPointcutAdvisor(mySpecialPointcut, myAdvice));
assertEquals("Added two advisors", oldAdvisorCount + 2, advised.getAdvisors().length);
It’s questionable whether it’s advisable (no pun intended) to modify advice on a business object in production, although there are no doubt legitimate usage cases. However, it can be very useful in development: for example, in tests. I have sometimes found it very useful to be able to add test code in the form of an interceptor or other advice, getting inside a method invocation I want to test. (For example, the advice can get inside a transaction created for that method: for example, to run SQL to check that a database was correctly updated, before marking the transaction for roll back.) |
Depending
on how you created the proxy, you can usually set a frozen
flag,
in which case the Advised
isFrozen()
method
will return true, and any attempts to modify advice through
addition or removal will result in an AopConfigException
.
The ability to freeze the state of an advised object is useful
in some cases, for example, to prevent calling code removing a
security interceptor. It may also be used in Spring 1.1 to allow
aggressive optimization if runtime advice modification is known
not to be required.
6.9. Using the "auto-proxy" facility
So
far we’ve considered explicit creation of AOP proxies using a ProxyFactoryBean
or
similar factory bean.
Spring also allows us to use "auto-proxy" bean definitions, which can automatically proxy selected bean definitions. This is built on Spring "bean post processor" infrastructure, which enables modification of any bean definition as the container loads.
In
this model, you set up some special bean definitions in your XML
bean definition file to configure the auto proxy infrastructure.
This allows you just to declare the targets eligible for
auto-proxying: you don’t need to use ProxyFactoryBean
.
There are two ways to do this:
-
Using an auto-proxy creator that refers to specific beans in the current context.
-
A special case of auto-proxy creation that deserves to be considered separately; auto-proxy creation driven by source-level metadata attributes.
6.9.1. Autoproxy bean definitions
The org.springframework.aop.framework.autoproxy
package
provides the following standard auto-proxy creators.
BeanNameAutoProxyCreator
The BeanNameAutoProxyCreator
class
is a BeanPostProcessor
that
automatically creates AOP proxies for beans with names
matching literal values or wildcards.
<bean class="org.springframework.aop.framework.autoproxy.BeanNameAutoProxyCreator">
<property name="beanNames" value="jdk*,onlyJdk"/>
<property name="interceptorNames">
<list>
<value>myInterceptor</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
As
with ProxyFactoryBean
,
there is an interceptorNames
property
rather than a list of interceptors, to allow correct
behavior for prototype advisors. Named "interceptors" can be
advisors or any advice type.
As
with auto proxying in general, the main point of using BeanNameAutoProxyCreator
is
to apply the same configuration consistently to multiple
objects, with minimal volume of configuration. It is a
popular choice for applying declarative transactions to
multiple objects.
Bean
definitions whose names match, such as "jdkMyBean" and
"onlyJdk" in the above example, are plain old bean
definitions with the target class. An AOP proxy will be
created automatically by the BeanNameAutoProxyCreator
.
The same advice will be applied to all matching beans. Note
that if advisors are used (rather than the interceptor in
the above example), the pointcuts may apply differently to
different beans.
DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator
A
more general and extremely powerful auto proxy creator is DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator
.
This will automagically apply eligible advisors in the
current context, without the need to include specific bean
names in the auto-proxy advisor’s bean definition. It offers
the same merit of consistent configuration and avoidance of
duplication as BeanNameAutoProxyCreator
.
Using this mechanism involves:
-
Specifying a
DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator
bean definition. -
Specifying any number of Advisors in the same or related contexts. Note that these must be Advisors, not just interceptors or other advices. This is necessary because there must be a pointcut to evaluate, to check the eligibility of each advice to candidate bean definitions.
The DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator
will
automatically evaluate the pointcut contained in each
advisor, to see what (if any) advice it should apply to each
business object (such as "businessObject1" and
"businessObject2" in the example).
This means that any number of advisors can be applied automatically to each business object. If no pointcut in any of the advisors matches any method in a business object, the object will not be proxied. As bean definitions are added for new business objects, they will automatically be proxied if necessary.
Autoproxying in general has the advantage of making it impossible for callers or dependencies to obtain an un-advised object. Calling getBean("businessObject1") on this ApplicationContext will return an AOP proxy, not the target business object. (The "inner bean" idiom shown earlier also offers this benefit.)
<bean class="org.springframework.aop.framework.autoproxy.DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator"/>
<bean class="org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAttributeSourceAdvisor">
<property name="transactionInterceptor" ref="transactionInterceptor"/>
</bean>
<bean id="customAdvisor" class="com.mycompany.MyAdvisor"/>
<bean id="businessObject1" class="com.mycompany.BusinessObject1">
<!-- Properties omitted -->
</bean>
<bean id="businessObject2" class="com.mycompany.BusinessObject2"/>
The DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator
is
very useful if you want to apply the same advice
consistently to many business objects. Once the
infrastructure definitions are in place, you can simply add
new business objects without including specific proxy
configuration. You can also drop in additional aspects very
easily - for example, tracing or performance monitoring
aspects - with minimal change to configuration.
The
DefaultAdvisorAutoProxyCreator offers support for filtering
(using a naming convention so that only certain advisors are
evaluated, allowing use of multiple, differently configured,
AdvisorAutoProxyCreators in the same factory) and ordering.
Advisors can implement the org.springframework.core.Ordered
interface
to ensure correct ordering if this is an issue. The
TransactionAttributeSourceAdvisor used in the above example
has a configurable order value; the default setting is
unordered.
6.10. Using TargetSources
Spring
offers the concept of a TargetSource,
expressed in the org.springframework.aop.TargetSource
interface.
This interface is responsible for returning the "target object"
implementing the join point. The TargetSource
implementation
is asked for a target instance each time the AOP proxy handles a
method invocation.
Developers using Spring AOP don’t normally need to work directly with TargetSources, but this provides a powerful means of supporting pooling, hot swappable and other sophisticated targets. For example, a pooling TargetSource can return a different target instance for each invocation, using a pool to manage instances.
If you do not specify a TargetSource, a default implementation is used that wraps a local object. The same target is returned for each invocation (as you would expect).
Let’s look at the standard target sources provided with Spring, and how you can use them.
When using a custom target source, your target will usually need to be a prototype rather than a singleton bean definition. This allows Spring to create a new target instance when required. |
6.10.1. Hot swappable target sources
The org.springframework.aop.target.HotSwappableTargetSource
exists
to allow the target of an AOP proxy to be switched while
allowing callers to keep their references to it.
Changing
the target source’s target takes effect immediately. The HotSwappableTargetSource
is
threadsafe.
You
can change the target via the swap()
method
on HotSwappableTargetSource as follows:
HotSwappableTargetSource swapper = (HotSwappableTargetSource) beanFactory.getBean("swapper");
Object oldTarget = swapper.swap(newTarget);
The XML definitions required look as follows:
<bean id="initialTarget" class="mycompany.OldTarget"/>
<bean id="swapper" class="org.springframework.aop.target.HotSwappableTargetSource">
<constructor-arg ref="initialTarget"/>
</bean>
<bean id="swappable" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
<property name="targetSource" ref="swapper"/>
</bean>
The
above swap()
call
changes the target of the swappable bean. Clients who hold a
reference to that bean will be unaware of the change, but will
immediately start hitting the new target.
Although
this example doesn’t add any advice - and it’s not necessary
to add advice to use a TargetSource
-
of course any TargetSource
can
be used in conjunction with arbitrary advice.
6.10.2. Pooling target sources
Using a pooling target source provides a similar programming model to stateless session EJBs, in which a pool of identical instances is maintained, with method invocations going to free objects in the pool.
A crucial difference between Spring pooling and SLSB pooling is that Spring pooling can be applied to any POJO. As with Spring in general, this service can be applied in a non-invasive way.
Spring
provides out-of-the-box support for Commons Pool 2.2, which
provides a fairly efficient pooling implementation. You’ll
need the commons-pool Jar on your application’s classpath to
use this feature. It’s also possible to subclassorg.springframework.aop.target.AbstractPoolingTargetSource
to
support any other pooling API.
Commons Pool 1.5+ is also supported but deprecated as of Spring Framework 4.2. |
Sample configuration is shown below:
<bean id="businessObjectTarget" class="com.mycompany.MyBusinessObject"
scope="prototype">
... properties omitted
</bean>
<bean id="poolTargetSource" class="org.springframework.aop.target.CommonsPool2TargetSource">
<property name="targetBeanName" value="businessObjectTarget"/>
<property name="maxSize" value="25"/>
</bean>
<bean id="businessObject" class="org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean">
<property name="targetSource" ref="poolTargetSource"/>
<property name="interceptorNames" value="myInterceptor"/>
</bean>
Note
that the target object - "businessObjectTarget" in the example
- must be
a prototype. This allows the PoolingTargetSource
implementation
to create new instances of the target to grow the pool as
necessary. See the javadocs ofAbstractPoolingTargetSource
and
the concrete subclass you wish to use for information about
its properties: "maxSize" is the most basic, and always
guaranteed to be present.
In this case, "myInterceptor" is the name of an interceptor that would need to be defined in the same IoC context. However, it isn’t necessary to specify interceptors to use pooling. If you want only pooling, and no other advice, don’t set the interceptorNames property at all.
It’s
possible to configure Spring so as to be able to cast any
pooled object to theorg.springframework.aop.target.PoolingConfig
interface,
which exposes information about the configuration and current
size of the pool through an introduction. You’ll need to
define an advisor like this:
<bean id="poolConfigAdvisor" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.MethodInvokingFactoryBean">
<property name="targetObject" ref="poolTargetSource"/>
<property name="targetMethod" value="getPoolingConfigMixin"/>
</bean>
This
advisor is obtained by calling a convenience method on the AbstractPoolingTargetSource
class,
hence the use of MethodInvokingFactoryBean. This advisor’s
name ("poolConfigAdvisor" here) must be in the list of
interceptors names in the ProxyFactoryBean exposing the pooled
object.
The cast will look as follows:
PoolingConfig conf = (PoolingConfig) beanFactory.getBean("businessObject");
System.out.println("Max pool size is " + conf.getMaxSize());
Pooling stateless service objects is not usually necessary. We don’t believe it should be the default choice, as most stateless objects are naturally thread safe, and instance pooling is problematic if resources are cached. |
Simpler pooling is available using auto-proxying. It’s possible to set the TargetSources used by any auto-proxy creator.
6.10.3. Prototype target sources
Setting up a "prototype" target source is similar to a pooling TargetSource. In this case, a new instance of the target will be created on every method invocation. Although the cost of creating a new object isn’t high in a modern JVM, the cost of wiring up the new object (satisfying its IoC dependencies) may be more expensive. Thus you shouldn’t use this approach without very good reason.
To
do this, you could modify the poolTargetSource
definition
shown above as follows. (I’ve also changed the name, for
clarity.)
<bean id="prototypeTargetSource" class="org.springframework.aop.target.PrototypeTargetSource">
<property name="targetBeanName" ref="businessObjectTarget"/>
</bean>
There’s only one property: the name of the target bean. Inheritance is used in the TargetSource implementations to ensure consistent naming. As with the pooling target source, the target bean must be a prototype bean definition.
6.10.4. ThreadLocal target sources
ThreadLocal
target
sources are useful if you need an object to be created for
each incoming request (per thread that is). The concept of a ThreadLocal
provide
a JDK-wide facility to transparently store resource alongside
a thread. Setting up aThreadLocalTargetSource
is
pretty much the same as was explained for the other types of
target source:
<bean id="threadlocalTargetSource" class="org.springframework.aop.target.ThreadLocalTargetSource">
<property name="targetBeanName" value="businessObjectTarget"/>
</bean>
ThreadLocals
come with serious issues (potentially resulting in
memory leaks) when incorrectly using them in a
multi-threaded and multi-classloader environments.
One should always consider wrapping a threadlocal in
some other class and never directly use the |
6.11. Defining new Advice types
Spring AOP is designed to be extensible. While the interception implementation strategy is presently used internally, it is possible to support arbitrary advice types in addition to the out-of-the-box interception around advice, before, throws advice and after returning advice.
The org.springframework.aop.framework.adapter
package
is an SPI package allowing support for new custom advice types
to be added without changing the core framework. The only
constraint on a custom Advice
type
is that it must implement theorg.aopalliance.aop.Advice
marker
interface.
Please
refer to the org.springframework.aop.framework.adapter
javadocs
for further information.
7. Null-safety
Although
Java does not allow to express null-safety with its type system,
Spring Framework now provides following annotations in the org.springframework.lang
package
to declare nullability of APIs and fields:
-
@NonNull
annotation where specific parameter, return value or field cannot benull
(not needed on parameter and return value where@NonNullApi
and@NonNullFields
apply) . -
@Nullable
annotation where specific parameter, return value or field can benull
. -
@NonNullApi
annotation at package level declares non-null as the default behavior for parameters and return values. -
@NonNullFields
annotation at package level declares non-null as the default behavior for fields.
Spring Framework leverages itself these annotations, but they can also be used in any Spring based Java project to declare null-safe APIs and optionally null-safe fields. Generic type arguments, varargs and array elements nullability are not supported yet, but should be in an upcoming release, see SPR-15942 for up-to-date information. Nullability declaration are expected to be fine-tuned between Spring Framework release, including minor ones. Nullability of types used inside method bodies is outside of the scope of this feature.
Libraries like Reactor or Spring Data provide null-safe APIs leveraging this feature. |
7.1. Use cases
In
addition to providing an explicit declaration for Spring
Framework API nullability, these annotation can be used by IDE
(such as IDEA or Eclipse) to provide useful warnings to Java
developers related to null-safety in order to avoid NullPointerException
at
runtime.
They are also used to make Spring API null-safe in Kotlin projects since Kotlin natively supports null-safety. More details are available in Kotlin support documentation.
7.2. JSR 305 meta-annotations
Spring annotations are meta-annotated with JSR 305 annotations (a dormant but widely spread JSR). JSR 305 meta-annotations allows tooling vendors like IDEA or Kotlin to provide null-safety support in a generic way, without having to hard-code support for Spring annotations.
It
is not necessary nor recommended to add JSR 305 dependency in
project classpath to take advantage of Spring null-safe API.
Only projects like Spring-based libraries using null-safety
annotations in their codebase should addcom.google.code.findbugs:jsr305:3.0.2
with compileOnly
Gradle
configuration or Maven provided
scope
to avoid compile warnings.
8. Data Buffers and Codecs
8.1. Introduction
The DataBuffer
interface
defines an abstraction over byte buffers. The main reason for
introducing it, and not use the standard java.nio.ByteBuffer
instead,
is Netty. Netty does not use ByteBuffer
,
but instead offers ByteBuf
as
an alternative. Spring’s DataBuffer
is
a simple abstraction over ByteBuf
that
can also be used on non-Netty platforms (i.e. Servlet 3.1+).
DataBufferFactory
8.2.The DataBufferFactory
offers
functionality to allocate new data buffers, as well as to wrap
existing data. The allocate
methods
allocate a new data buffer, with a default or given capacity.
Though DataBuffer
implementation
grow and shrink on demand, it is more efficient to give the
capacity upfront, if known. The wrap
methods
decorate an existing ByteBuffer
or
byte array. Wrapping does not involve allocation: it simply
decorates the given data with a DataBuffer
implementation.
There
are two implementation of DataBufferFactory
:
the NettyDataBufferFactory
which
is meant to be used on Netty platforms, such as Reactor Netty.
The other implementation, the DefaultDataBufferFactory
,
is used on other platforms, such as Servlet 3.1+ servers.
DataBuffer
interface
8.3.
TheThe DataBuffer
interface
is similar to ByteBuffer
,
but offers a number of advantages. Similar to Netty’s ByteBuf
,
the DataBuffer
abstraction
offers independent read and write positions. This is different
from the JDK’s ByteBuffer
,
which only exposes one position for both reading and writing,
and a separate flip()
operation
to switch between the two I/O operations. In general, the
following invariant holds for the read position, write position,
and the capacity:
0 <= read position <= write position <= capacity
When
reading bytes from the DataBuffer
,
the read position is automatically updated in accordance with
the amount of data read from the buffer. Similarly, when writing
bytes to the DataBuffer
,
the write position is updated with the amount of data written to
the buffer. Also, when writing data, the capacity of a DataBuffer
is
automatically expanded, just like StringBuilder
, ArrayList
,
and similar types.
Besides
the reading and writing functionality mentioned above, the DataBuffer
also
has methods to view a (slice of a) buffer as ByteBuffer
, InputStream
,
or OutputStream
.
Additionally, it offers methods to determine the index of a
given byte.
There
are two implementation of DataBuffer
:
the NettyDataBuffer
which
is meant to be used on Netty platforms, such as Reactor Netty.
The other implementation, the DefaultDataBuffer
,
is used on other platforms, such as Servlet 3.1+ servers.
PooledDataBuffer
8.3.1.The PooledDataBuffer
is
an extension to DataBuffer
that
adds methods for reference counting. The retain
method
increases the reference count by one. The release
method
decreases the count by one, and releases the buffer’s memory
when the count reaches 0. Both of these methods are related to reference
counting, a mechanism that is explained below.
Note
that DataBufferUtils
offers
useful utility methods for releasing and retaining pooled data
buffers. These methods take a plain DataBuffer
as
parameter, but only call retain
or release
if
the passed data buffer is an instance of PooledDataBuffer
.
Reference Counting
Reference
counting is not a common technique in Java; it is much more
common in other programming languages such as Object C and
C++. In and of itself, reference counting is not complex: it
basically involves tracking the number of references that
apply to an object. The reference count of a PooledDataBuffer
starts
at 1, is incremented by calling retain
,
and decremented by calling release
.
As long as the buffer’s reference count is larger than 0 the
buffer will not be released. When the number decreases to 0,
the instance will be released. In practice, this means that
the reserved memory captured by the buffer will be returned
back to the memory pool, ready to be used for future
allocations.
In
general, the
last component to access a DataBuffer
is
responsible for releasing it. Withing Spring, there
are two sorts of components that release buffers: decoders
and transports. Decoders are responsible for transforming a
stream of buffers into other types (see Codecs below),
and transports are responsible for sending buffers across a
network boundary, typically as an HTTP message. This means
that if you allocate data buffers for the purpose of putting
them into an outbound HTTP message (i.e. client-side request
or server-side response), they do not have to be released.
The other consequence of this rule is that if you allocate
data buffers that do not end up in the body, for instance
because of a thrown exception, you will have to release them
yourself. The following snippet shows a typical DataBuffer
usage
scenario when dealing with methods that throw exceptions:
DataBufferFactory factory = ...
DataBuffer buffer = factory.allocateBuffer();
boolean release = true;
try {
writeDataToBuffer(buffer);
putBufferInHttpBody(buffer);
release = false;
}
finally {
if (release) {
DataBufferUtils.release(buffer);
}
}
private void writeDataToBuffer(DataBuffer buffer) throws IOException {
...
}
A new buffer is allocated. | |
A boolean flag indicates whether the allocated buffer should be released. | |
This
example method loads data into the buffer. Note that
the method can throw an IOException ,
and therefore a finally block
to release the buffer is required. |
|
If
no exception occurred, we switch the release flag
to false as
the buffer will now be released as part of sending the
HTTP body across the wire. |
|
If
an exception did occur, the flag is still set to true ,
and the buffer will be released here. |
8.3.2. DataBufferUtils
DataBufferUtils
contains
various utility methods that operate on data buffers. It
contains methods for reading a Flux
of DataBuffer
objects
from an InputStream
or
NIO Channel
,
and methods for writing a data buffer Flux
to
an OutputStream
or Channel
. DataBufferUtils
also
exposes retain
and release
methods
that operate on plain DataBuffer
instances
(so that casting to a PooledDataBuffer
is
not required).
Additionally, DataBufferUtils
exposes compose
,
which merges a stream of data buffers into one. For instance,
this method can be used to convert the entire HTTP body into a
single buffer (and from that, a String
,
or InputStream
).
This is particularly useful when dealing with older, blocking
APIs. Note, however, that this puts the entire body in memory,
and therefore uses more memory than a pure streaming solution
would.
Codecs
The org.springframework.core.codec
package
contains the two main abstractions for converting a stream of
bytes into a stream of objects, or vice-versa. The Encoder
is
a strategy interface that encodes a stream of objects into an
output stream of data buffers. The Decoder
does
the reverse: it turns a stream of data buffers into a stream of
objects. Note that a decoder instance needs to consider reference
counting.
Spring
comes with a wide array of default codecs, capable of converting
from/to String
, ByteBuffer
,
byte arrays, and also codecs that support marshalling libraries
such as JAXB and Jackson (with Jackson
2.9+ support for non-blocking parsing). Withing the
context of Spring WebFlux, codecs are used to convert the
request body into a @RequestMapping
parameter,
or to convert the return type into the response body that is
sent back to the client. The default codecs are configured in
the WebFluxConfigurationSupport
class,
and can easily be changed by overriding the configureHttpMessageCodecs
when
inheriting from that class. For more information about using
codecs in WebFlux, see this
section.
9. Appendix
9.1. XML Schemas
This part of the appendix lists XML schemas related to the core container.
9.1.1. The util schema
As
the name implies, the util
tags
deal with common, utility configuration
issues, such as configuring collections, referencing
constants, and suchlike. To use the tags in the util
schema,
you need to have the following preamble at the top of your
Spring XML configuration file; the text in the snippet below
references the correct schema so that the tags in the util
namespace
are available to you.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd"> <!-- bean definitions here -->
</beans>
<util:constant/>
Before…
<bean id="..." class="...">
<property name="isolation">
<bean id="java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.FieldRetrievingFactoryBean" />
</property>
</bean>
The
above configuration uses a Spring FactoryBean
implementation,
the FieldRetrievingFactoryBean
,
to set the value of the isolation
property
on a bean to the value of the java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE
constant.
This is all well and good, but it is a tad verbose and
(unnecessarily) exposes Spring’s internal plumbing to the
end user.
The following XML Schema-based version is more concise and clearly expresses the developer’s intent ('inject this constant value'), and it just reads better.
<bean id="..." class="...">
<property name="isolation">
<util:constant static-field="java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE"/>
</property>
</bean>
Setting a bean property or constructor arg from a field value
FieldRetrievingFactoryBean
is
a FactoryBean
which
retrieves a static
or
non-static field value. It is typically used for
retrieving public
static
final
constants,
which may then be used to set a property value or
constructor arg for another bean.
Find
below an example which shows how a static
field
is exposed, by using the staticField
property:
<bean id="myField"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.FieldRetrievingFactoryBean">
<property name="staticField" value="java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE"/>
</bean>
There
is also a convenience usage form where the static
field
is specified as the bean name:
<bean id="java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.FieldRetrievingFactoryBean"/>
This does mean that there is no longer any choice in what the bean id is (so any other bean that refers to it will also have to use this longer name), but this form is very concise to define, and very convenient to use as an inner bean since the id doesn’t have to be specified for the bean reference:
<bean id="..." class="...">
<property name="isolation">
<bean id="java.sql.Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.FieldRetrievingFactoryBean" />
</property>
</bean>
It
is also possible to access a non-static (instance) field
of another bean, as described in the API documentation for
theFieldRetrievingFactoryBean
class.
Injecting
enum values into beans as either property or constructor
arguments is very easy to do in Spring, in that you don’t
actually have to do anything
or know anything about the Spring internals (or even about
classes such as theFieldRetrievingFactoryBean
).
Let’s look at an example to see how easy injecting an enum
value is; consider this enum:
package javax.persistence;
public enum PersistenceContextType {
TRANSACTION,
EXTENDED
}
Now
consider a setter of type PersistenceContextType
:
package example;
public class Client {
private PersistenceContextType persistenceContextType;
public void setPersistenceContextType(PersistenceContextType type) {
this.persistenceContextType = type;
}
}
-
and the corresponding bean definition:
<bean class="example.Client">
<property name="persistenceContextType" value="TRANSACTION"/>
</bean>
<util:property-path/>
Before…
<!-- target bean to be referenced by name -->
<bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.beans.TestBean" scope="prototype">
<property name="age" value="10"/>
<property name="spouse">
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.TestBean">
<property name="age" value="11"/>
</bean>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- will result in 10, which is the value of property 'age' of bean 'testBean' -->
<bean id="testBean.age" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPathFactoryBean"/>
The
above configuration uses a Spring FactoryBean
implementation,
the PropertyPathFactoryBean
,
to create a bean (of type int
)
called testBean.age
that
has a value equal to the age
property
of the testBean
bean.
After…
<!-- target bean to be referenced by name -->
<bean id="testBean" class="org.springframework.beans.TestBean" scope="prototype">
<property name="age" value="10"/>
<property name="spouse">
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.TestBean">
<property name="age" value="11"/>
</bean>
</property>
</bean>
<!-- will result in 10, which is the value of property 'age' of bean 'testBean' -->
<util:property-path id="name" path="testBean.age"/>
The
value of the path
attribute
of the <property-path/>
tag
follows the form beanName.beanProperty
.
Using <util:property-path/> to set a bean property or constructor-argument
PropertyPathFactoryBean
is
a FactoryBean
that
evaluates a property path on a given target object. The
target object can be specified directly or via a bean
name. This value may then be used in another bean
definition as a property value or constructor argument.
Here’s an example where a path is used against another bean, by name:
// target bean to be referenced by name
<bean id="person" class="org.springframework.beans.TestBean" scope="prototype">
<property name="age" value="10"/>
<property name="spouse">
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.TestBean">
<property name="age" value="11"/>
</bean>
</property>
</bean>
// will result in 11, which is the value of property 'spouse.age' of bean 'person'
<bean id="theAge"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPathFactoryBean">
<property name="targetBeanName" value="person"/>
<property name="propertyPath" value="spouse.age"/>
</bean>
In this example, a path is evaluated against an inner bean:
<!-- will result in 12, which is the value of property 'age' of the inner bean -->
<bean id="theAge"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPathFactoryBean">
<property name="targetObject">
<bean class="org.springframework.beans.TestBean">
<property name="age" value="12"/>
</bean>
</property>
<property name="propertyPath" value="age"/>
</bean>
There is also a shortcut form, where the bean name is the property path.
<!-- will result in 10, which is the value of property 'age' of bean 'person' -->
<bean id="person.age"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPathFactoryBean"/>
This form does mean that there is no choice in the name of the bean. Any reference to it will also have to use the same id, which is the path. Of course, if used as an inner bean, there is no need to refer to it at all:
<bean id="..." class="...">
<property name="age">
<bean id="person.age"
class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPathFactoryBean"/>
</property>
</bean>
The result type may be specifically set in the actual definition. This is not necessary for most use cases, but can be of use for some. Please see the Javadocs for more info on this feature.
<util:properties/>
Before…
<!-- creates a java.util.Properties instance with values loaded from the supplied location -->
<bean id="jdbcConfiguration" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertiesFactoryBean">
<property name="location" value="classpath:com/foo/jdbc-production.properties"/>
</bean>
The
above configuration uses a Spring FactoryBean
implementation,
the PropertiesFactoryBean
,
to instantiate a java.util.Properties
instance
with values loaded from the supplied Resource
location).
After…
<!-- creates a java.util.Properties instance with values loaded from the supplied location -->
<util:properties id="jdbcConfiguration" location="classpath:com/foo/jdbc-production.properties"/>
<util:list/>
Before…
<!-- creates a java.util.List instance with values loaded from the supplied 'sourceList' -->
<bean id="emails" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.ListFactoryBean">
<property name="sourceList">
<list>
<value>pechorin@hero.org</value>
<value>raskolnikov@slums.org</value>
<value>stavrogin@gov.org</value>
<value>porfiry@gov.org</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
The
above configuration uses a Spring FactoryBean
implementation,
the ListFactoryBean
,
to create a java.util.List
instance
initialized with values taken from the supplied sourceList
.
After…
<!-- creates a java.util.List instance with the supplied values -->
<util:list id="emails">
<value>pechorin@hero.org</value>
<value>raskolnikov@slums.org</value>
<value>stavrogin@gov.org</value>
<value>porfiry@gov.org</value>
</util:list>
You
can also explicitly control the exact type of List
that
will be instantiated and populated via the use of the list-class
attribute
on the <util:list/>
element.
For example, if we really need a java.util.LinkedList
to
be instantiated, we could use the following configuration:
<util:list id="emails" list-class="java.util.LinkedList">
<value>jackshaftoe@vagabond.org</value>
<value>eliza@thinkingmanscrumpet.org</value>
<value>vanhoek@pirate.org</value>
<value>d'Arcachon@nemesis.org</value>
</util:list>
If
no list-class
attribute
is supplied, a List
implementation
will be chosen by the container.
<util:map/>
Before…
<!-- creates a java.util.Map instance with values loaded from the supplied 'sourceMap' -->
<bean id="emails" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.MapFactoryBean">
<property name="sourceMap">
<map>
<entry key="pechorin" value="pechorin@hero.org"/>
<entry key="raskolnikov" value="raskolnikov@slums.org"/>
<entry key="stavrogin" value="stavrogin@gov.org"/>
<entry key="porfiry" value="porfiry@gov.org"/>
</map>
</property>
</bean>
The
above configuration uses a Spring FactoryBean
implementation,
the MapFactoryBean
,
to create a java.util.Map
instance
initialized with key-value pairs taken from the supplied 'sourceMap'
.
After…
<!-- creates a java.util.Map instance with the supplied key-value pairs -->
<util:map id="emails">
<entry key="pechorin" value="pechorin@hero.org"/>
<entry key="raskolnikov" value="raskolnikov@slums.org"/>
<entry key="stavrogin" value="stavrogin@gov.org"/>
<entry key="porfiry" value="porfiry@gov.org"/>
</util:map>
You
can also explicitly control the exact type of Map
that
will be instantiated and populated via the use of the 'map-class'
attribute
on the <util:map/>
element.
For example, if we really need a java.util.TreeMap
to
be instantiated, we could use the following configuration:
<util:map id="emails" map-class="java.util.TreeMap">
<entry key="pechorin" value="pechorin@hero.org"/>
<entry key="raskolnikov" value="raskolnikov@slums.org"/>
<entry key="stavrogin" value="stavrogin@gov.org"/>
<entry key="porfiry" value="porfiry@gov.org"/>
</util:map>
If
no 'map-class'
attribute
is supplied, a Map
implementation
will be chosen by the container.
<util:set/>
Before…
<!-- creates a java.util.Set instance with values loaded from the supplied 'sourceSet' -->
<bean id="emails" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.SetFactoryBean">
<property name="sourceSet">
<set>
<value>pechorin@hero.org</value>
<value>raskolnikov@slums.org</value>
<value>stavrogin@gov.org</value>
<value>porfiry@gov.org</value>
</set>
</property>
</bean>
The
above configuration uses a Spring FactoryBean
implementation,
the SetFactoryBean
,
to create a java.util.Set
instance
initialized with values taken from the supplied 'sourceSet'
.
After…
<!-- creates a java.util.Set instance with the supplied values -->
<util:set id="emails">
<value>pechorin@hero.org</value>
<value>raskolnikov@slums.org</value>
<value>stavrogin@gov.org</value>
<value>porfiry@gov.org</value>
</util:set>
You
can also explicitly control the exact type of Set
that
will be instantiated and populated via the use of the 'set-class'
attribute
on the <util:set/>
element.
For example, if we really need a java.util.TreeSet
to
be instantiated, we could use the following configuration:
<util:set id="emails" set-class="java.util.TreeSet">
<value>pechorin@hero.org</value>
<value>raskolnikov@slums.org</value>
<value>stavrogin@gov.org</value>
<value>porfiry@gov.org</value>
</util:set>
If
no 'set-class'
attribute
is supplied, a Set
implementation
will be chosen by the container.
9.1.2. The aop schema
The aop
tags
deal with configuring all things AOP in Spring: this includes
Spring’s own proxy-based AOP framework and Spring’s
integration with the AspectJ AOP framework. These tags are
comprehensively covered in the chapter entitled Aspect
Oriented Programming with Spring.
In
the interest of completeness, to use the tags in the aop
schema,
you need to have the following preamble at the top of your
Spring XML configuration file; the text in the following
snippet references the correct schema so that the tags in the aop
namespace
are available to you.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd"> <!-- bean definitions here -->
</beans>
9.1.3. The context schema
The context
tags
deal with ApplicationContext
configuration
that relates to plumbing - that is, not usually beans that are
important to an end-user but rather beans that do a lot of
grunt work in Spring, such as BeanfactoryPostProcessors
.
The following snippet references the correct schema so that
the tags in the context
namespace
are available to you.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> <!-- bean definitions here -->
</beans>
<property-placeholder/>
This
element activates the replacement of ${…
}
placeholders, resolved against
the specified properties file (as a Spring
resource location). This element is a convenience
mechanism that sets up aPropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
for
you; if you need more control over the PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
,
just define one yourself explicitly.
<annotation-config/>
Activates
the Spring infrastructure for various annotations to be
detected in bean classes: Spring’s @Required
and@Autowired
,
as well as JSR 250’s @PostConstruct
, @PreDestroy
and @Resource
(if
available), and JPA’s @PersistenceContext
and @PersistenceUnit
(if
available). Alternatively, you can choose to activate the
individual BeanPostProcessors
for
those annotations explicitly.
This
element does not activate
processing of Spring’s |
<component-scan/>
This element is detailed in Annotation-based container configuration.
<load-time-weaver/>
This element is detailed in Load-time weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework.
<spring-configured/>
This element is detailed in Using AspectJ to dependency inject domain objects with Spring.
<mbean-export/>
This element is detailed in Configuring annotation based MBean export.
9.1.4. The beans schema
Last
but not least we have the tags in the beans
schema.
These are the same tags that have been in Spring since the
very dawn of the framework. Examples of the various tags in
the beans
schema
are not shown here because they are quite comprehensively
covered in Dependencies
and configuration in detail (and
indeed in that entire chapter).
Note
that it is possible to add zero or more key / value pairs to <bean/>
XML
definitions. What, if anything, is done with this extra
metadata is totally up to your own custom logic (and so is
typically only of use if you are writing your own custom tags
as described in the appendix entitled XML
Schema Authoring).
Find
below an example of the <meta/>
tag
in the context of a surrounding <bean/>
(please
note that without any logic to interpret it the metadata is
effectively useless as-is).
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="foo" class="x.y.Foo">
<meta key="cacheName" value="foo"/>
<property name="name" value="Rick"/>
</bean>
</beans>
In the case of the above example, you would assume that there is some logic that will consume the bean definition and set up some caching infrastructure using the supplied metadata.
9.2. XML Schema Authoring
9.2.1. Introduction
Since version 2.0, Spring has featured a mechanism for schema-based extensions to the basic Spring XML format for defining and configuring beans. This section is devoted to detailing how you would go about writing your own custom XML bean definition parsers and integrating such parsers into the Spring IoC container.
To facilitate the authoring of configuration files using a schema-aware XML editor, Spring’s extensible XML configuration mechanism is based on XML Schema. If you are not familiar with Spring’s current XML configuration extensions that come with the standard Spring distribution, please first read the appendix entitled[xsd-config].
Creating new XML configuration extensions can be done by following these (relatively) simple steps:
-
Authoring an XML schema to describe your custom element(s).
-
Coding a custom
NamespaceHandler
implementation (this is an easy step, don’t worry). -
Coding one or more
BeanDefinitionParser
implementations (this is where the real work is done). -
Registering the above artifacts with Spring (this too is an easy step).
What
follows is a description of each of these steps. For the
example, we will create an XML extension (a custom XML
element) that allows us to configure objects of the type SimpleDateFormat
(from
the java.text
package)
in an easy manner. When we are done, we will be able to define
bean definitions of type SimpleDateFormat
like
this:
<myns:dateformat id="dateFormat"
pattern="yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm"
lenient="true"/>
(Don’t worry about the fact that this example is very simple; much more detailed examples follow afterwards. The intent in this first simple example is to walk you through the basic steps involved.)
9.2.2. Authoring the schema
Creating
an XML configuration extension for use with Spring’s IoC
container starts with authoring an XML Schema to describe the
extension. What follows is the schema we’ll use to configure SimpleDateFormat
objects.
<!-- myns.xsd (inside package org/springframework/samples/xml) -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns="http://www.mycompany.com/schema/myns"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
xmlns:beans="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
targetNamespace="http://www.mycompany.com/schema/myns"
elementFormDefault="qualified"
attributeFormDefault="unqualified">
<xsd:import namespace="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"/>
<xsd:element name="dateformat">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:complexContent>
<xsd:extension base="beans:identifiedType">
<xsd:attribute name="lenient" type="xsd:boolean"/>
<xsd:attribute name="pattern" type="xsd:string" use="required"/>
</xsd:extension>
</xsd:complexContent>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:schema>
(The
emphasized line contains an extension base for all tags that
will be identifiable (meaning they have an id
attribute
that will be used as the bean identifier in the container). We
are able to use this attribute because we imported the
Spring-provided'beans'
namespace.)
The
above schema will be used to configure SimpleDateFormat
objects,
directly in an XML application context file using the <myns:dateformat/>
element.
<myns:dateformat id="dateFormat"
pattern="yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm"
lenient="true"/>
Note
that after we’ve created the infrastructure classes, the above
snippet of XML will essentially be exactly the same as the
following XML snippet. In other words, we’re just creating a
bean in the container, identified by the name 'dateFormat'
of
typeSimpleDateFormat
,
with a couple of properties set.
<bean id="dateFormat" class="java.text.SimpleDateFormat">
<constructor-arg value="yyyy-HH-dd HH:mm"/>
<property name="lenient" value="true"/>
</bean>
The schema-based approach to creating configuration format allows for tight integration with an IDE that has a schema-aware XML editor. Using a properly authored schema, you can use autocompletion to have a user choose between several configuration options defined in the enumeration. |
9.2.3. Coding a NamespaceHandler
In
addition to the schema, we need a NamespaceHandler
that
will parse all elements of this specific namespace Spring
encounters while parsing configuration files. The NamespaceHandler
should
in our case take care of the parsing of the myns:dateformat
element.
The NamespaceHandler
interface
is pretty simple in that it features just three methods:
-
init()
- allows for initialization of theNamespaceHandler
and will be called by Spring before the handler is used -
BeanDefinition parse(Element, ParserContext)
- called when Spring encounters a top-level element (not nested inside a bean definition or a different namespace). This method can register bean definitions itself and/or return a bean definition. -
BeanDefinitionHolder decorate(Node, BeanDefinitionHolder, ParserContext)
- called when Spring encounters an attribute or nested element of a different namespace. The decoration of one or more bean definitions is used for example with the out-of-the-box scopes Spring supports. We’ll start by highlighting a simple example, without using decoration, after which we will show decoration in a somewhat more advanced example.
Although
it is perfectly possible to code your own NamespaceHandler
for
the entire namespace (and hence provide code that parses each
and every element in the namespace), it is often the case that
each top-level XML element in a Spring XML configuration file
results in a single bean definition (as in our case, where a
single <myns:dateformat/>
element
results in a single SimpleDateFormat
bean
definition). Spring features a number of convenience classes
that support this scenario. In this example, we’ll make use
the NamespaceHandlerSupport
class:
package org.springframework.samples.xml;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.NamespaceHandlerSupport;
public class MyNamespaceHandler extends NamespaceHandlerSupport {
public void init() {
registerBeanDefinitionParser("dateformat", new SimpleDateFormatBeanDefinitionParser());
}
}
The
observant reader will notice that there isn’t actually a whole
lot of parsing logic in this class. Indeed… the NamespaceHandlerSupport
class
has a built in notion of delegation. It supports the
registration of any number of BeanDefinitionParser
instances,
to which it will delegate to when it needs to parse an element
in its namespace. This clean separation of concerns allows a NamespaceHandler
to
handle the orchestration of the parsing of all of
the custom elements in its namespace, while delegating to BeanDefinitionParsers
to
do the grunt work of the XML parsing; this means that each BeanDefinitionParser
will
contain just the logic for parsing a single custom element, as
we can see in the next step
9.2.4. BeanDefinitionParser
A BeanDefinitionParser
will
be used if the NamespaceHandler
encounters
an XML element of the type that has been mapped to the
specific bean definition parser (which is 'dateformat'
in
this case). In other words, the BeanDefinitionParser
is
responsible for parsing one distinct
top-level XML element defined in the schema. In the parser,
we’ll have access to the XML element (and thus its subelements
too) so that we can parse our custom XML content, as can be
seen in the following example:
package org.springframework.samples.xml;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionBuilder;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.AbstractSingleBeanDefinitionParser;
import org.springframework.util.StringUtils;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
public class SimpleDateFormatBeanDefinitionParser extends AbstractSingleBeanDefinitionParser {
protected Class getBeanClass(Element element) {
return SimpleDateFormat.class;
}
protected void doParse(Element element, BeanDefinitionBuilder bean) {
// this will never be null since the schema explicitly requires that a value be supplied
String pattern = element.getAttribute("pattern");
bean.addConstructorArg(pattern);
// this however is an optional property
String lenient = element.getAttribute("lenient");
if (StringUtils.hasText(lenient)) {
bean.addPropertyValue("lenient", Boolean.valueOf(lenient));
}
}
}
We
use the Spring-provided AbstractSingleBeanDefinitionParser to
handle a lot of the basic grunt work of creating a single BeanDefinition . |
|
We
supply the AbstractSingleBeanDefinitionParser superclass
with the type that our single BeanDefinition will
represent. |
In
this simple case, this is all that we need to do. The creation
of our single BeanDefinition
is
handled by the AbstractSingleBeanDefinitionParser
superclass,
as is the extraction and setting of the bean definition’s
unique identifier.
9.2.5. Registering the handler and the schema
The
coding is finished! All that remains to be done is to somehow
make the Spring XML parsing infrastructure aware of our custom
element; we do this by registering our custom namespaceHandler
and
custom XSD file in two special purpose properties files. These
properties files are both placed in a 'META-INF'
directory
in your application, and can, for example, be distributed
alongside your binary classes in a JAR file. The Spring XML
parsing infrastructure will automatically pick up your new
extension by consuming these special properties files, the
formats of which are detailed below.
'META-INF/spring.handlers'
The
properties file called 'spring.handlers'
contains
a mapping of XML Schema URIs to namespace handler classes.
So for our example, we need to write the following:
http\://www.mycompany.com/schema/myns=org.springframework.samples.xml.MyNamespaceHandler
(The ':'
character
is a valid delimiter in the Java properties format, and so
the ':'
character
in the URI needs to be escaped with a backslash.)
The
first part (the key) of the key-value pair is the URI
associated with your custom namespace extension, and needs
to match
exactly the value of the 'targetNamespace'
attribute
as specified in your custom XSD schema.
'META-INF/spring.schemas'
The
properties file called 'spring.schemas'
contains
a mapping of XML Schema locations (referred to along with
the schema declaration in XML files that use the schema as
part of the 'xsi:schemaLocation'
attribute)
to classpath resources.
This file is needed to prevent Spring from absolutely having
to use a default EntityResolver
that
requires Internet access to retrieve the schema file. If you
specify the mapping in this properties file, Spring will
search for the schema on the classpath (in this case'myns.xsd'
in
the 'org.springframework.samples.xml'
package):
http\://www.mycompany.com/schema/myns/myns.xsd=org/springframework/samples/xml/myns.xsd
The
upshot of this is that you are encouraged to deploy your XSD
file(s) right alongside the NamespaceHandler
and BeanDefinitionParser
classes
on the classpath.
9.2.6. Using a custom extension in your Spring XML configuration
Using
a custom extension that you yourself have implemented is no
different from using one of the 'custom' extensions that
Spring provides straight out of the box. Find below an example
of using the custom <dateformat/>
element
developed in the previous steps in a Spring XML configuration
file.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:myns="http://www.mycompany.com/schema/myns"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.mycompany.com/schema/myns http://www.mycompany.com/schema/myns/myns.xsd">
<!-- as a top-level bean -->
<myns:dateformat id="defaultDateFormat" pattern="yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm" lenient="true"/>
<bean id="jobDetailTemplate" abstract="true">
<property name="dateFormat">
<!-- as an inner bean -->
<myns:dateformat pattern="HH:mm MM-dd-yyyy"/>
</property>
</bean>
</beans>
9.2.7. Meatier examples
Find below some much meatier examples of custom XML extensions.
Nesting custom tags within custom tags
This example illustrates how you might go about writing the various artifacts required to satisfy a target of the following configuration:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:foo="http://www.foo.com/schema/component"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.foo.com/schema/component http://www.foo.com/schema/component/component.xsd">
<foo:component id="bionic-family" name="Bionic-1">
<foo:component name="Mother-1">
<foo:component name="Karate-1"/>
<foo:component name="Sport-1"/>
</foo:component>
<foo:component name="Rock-1"/>
</foo:component>
</beans>
The
above configuration actually nests custom extensions within
each other. The class that is actually configured by the
above <foo:component/>
element
is the Component
class
(shown directly below). Notice how the Component
class
does not expose
a setter method for the 'components'
property;
this makes it hard (or rather impossible) to configure a
bean definition for the Component
class
using setter injection.
package com.foo;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class Component {
private String name;
private List<Component> components = new ArrayList<Component> ();
// mmm, there is no setter method for the 'components'
public void addComponent(Component component) {
this.components.add(component);
}
public List<Component> getComponents() {
return components;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
The
typical solution to this issue is to create a custom FactoryBean
that
exposes a setter property for the 'components'
property.
package com.foo;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.FactoryBean;
import java.util.List;
public class ComponentFactoryBean implements FactoryBean<Component> {
private Component parent;
private List<Component> children;
public void setParent(Component parent) {
this.parent = parent;
}
public void setChildren(List<Component> children) {
this.children = children;
}
public Component getObject() throws Exception {
if (this.children != null && this.children.size() > 0) {
for (Component child : children) {
this.parent.addComponent(child);
}
}
return this.parent;
}
public Class<Component> getObjectType() {
return Component.class;
}
public boolean isSingleton() {
return true;
}
}
This is all very well, and does work nicely, but exposes a lot of Spring plumbing to the end user. What we are going to do is write a custom extension that hides away all of this Spring plumbing. If we stick to the steps described previously, we’ll start off by creating the XSD schema to define the structure of our custom tag.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns="http://www.foo.com/schema/component"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
targetNamespace="http://www.foo.com/schema/component"
elementFormDefault="qualified"
attributeFormDefault="unqualified">
<xsd:element name="component">
<xsd:complexType>
<xsd:choice minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xsd:element ref="component"/>
</xsd:choice>
<xsd:attribute name="id" type="xsd:ID"/>
<xsd:attribute name="name" use="required" type="xsd:string"/>
</xsd:complexType>
</xsd:element>
</xsd:schema>
We’ll
then create a custom NamespaceHandler
.
package com.foo;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.NamespaceHandlerSupport;
public class ComponentNamespaceHandler extends NamespaceHandlerSupport {
public void init() {
registerBeanDefinitionParser("component", new ComponentBeanDefinitionParser());
}
}
Next
up is the custom BeanDefinitionParser
.
Remember that what we are creating is a BeanDefinition
describing
a ComponentFactoryBean
.
package com.foo;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanDefinition;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinition;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionBuilder;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ManagedList;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.AbstractBeanDefinitionParser;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.ParserContext;
import org.springframework.util.xml.DomUtils;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import java.util.List;
public class ComponentBeanDefinitionParser extends AbstractBeanDefinitionParser {
protected AbstractBeanDefinition parseInternal(Element element, ParserContext parserContext) {
return parseComponentElement(element);
}
private static AbstractBeanDefinition parseComponentElement(Element element) {
BeanDefinitionBuilder factory = BeanDefinitionBuilder.rootBeanDefinition(ComponentFactoryBean.class);
factory.addPropertyValue("parent", parseComponent(element));
List<Element> childElements = DomUtils.getChildElementsByTagName(element, "component");
if (childElements != null && childElements.size() > 0) {
parseChildComponents(childElements, factory);
}
return factory.getBeanDefinition();
}
private static BeanDefinition parseComponent(Element element) {
BeanDefinitionBuilder component = BeanDefinitionBuilder.rootBeanDefinition(Component.class);
component.addPropertyValue("name", element.getAttribute("name"));
return component.getBeanDefinition();
}
private static void parseChildComponents(List<Element> childElements, BeanDefinitionBuilder factory) {
ManagedList<BeanDefinition> children = new ManagedList<BeanDefinition>(childElements.size());
for (Element element : childElements) {
children.add(parseComponentElement(element));
}
factory.addPropertyValue("children", children);
}
}
Lastly, the various artifacts need to be registered with the Spring XML infrastructure.
# in 'META-INF/spring.handlers' http\://www.foo.com/schema/component=com.foo.ComponentNamespaceHandler
# in 'META-INF/spring.schemas' http\://www.foo.com/schema/component/component.xsd=com/foo/component.xsd
Custom attributes on 'normal' elements
Writing your own custom parser and the associated artifacts isn’t hard, but sometimes it is not the right thing to do. Consider the scenario where you need to add metadata to already existing bean definitions. In this case you certainly don’t want to have to go off and write your own entire custom extension; rather you just want to add an additional attribute to the existing bean definition element.
By way of another example, let’s say that the service class that you are defining a bean definition for a service object that will (unknown to it) be accessing a clustered JCache, and you want to ensure that the named JCache instance is eagerly started within the surrounding cluster:
<bean id="checkingAccountService" class="com.foo.DefaultCheckingAccountService"
jcache:cache-name="checking.account">
<!-- other dependencies here... -->
</bean>
What
we are going to do here is create another BeanDefinition
when
the 'jcache:cache-name'
attribute
is parsed; this BeanDefinition
will
then initialize the named JCache for us. We will also modify
the existing BeanDefinition
for
the'checkingAccountService'
so
that it will have a dependency on this new
JCache-initializing BeanDefinition
.
package com.foo;
public class JCacheInitializer {
private String name;
public JCacheInitializer(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void initialize() {
// lots of JCache API calls to initialize the named cache...
}
}
Now onto the custom extension. Firstly, the authoring of the XSD schema describing the custom attribute (quite easy in this case).
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<xsd:schema xmlns="http://www.foo.com/schema/jcache"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
targetNamespace="http://www.foo.com/schema/jcache"
elementFormDefault="qualified">
<xsd:attribute name="cache-name" type="xsd:string"/>
</xsd:schema>
Next,
the associated NamespaceHandler
.
package com.foo;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.NamespaceHandlerSupport;
public class JCacheNamespaceHandler extends NamespaceHandlerSupport {
public void init() {
super.registerBeanDefinitionDecoratorForAttribute("cache-name",
new JCacheInitializingBeanDefinitionDecorator());
}
}
Next,
the parser. Note that in this case, because we are going to
be parsing an XML attribute, we write a BeanDefinitionDecorator
rather
than a BeanDefinitionParser
.
package com.foo;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanDefinitionHolder;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanDefinition;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionBuilder;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.BeanDefinitionDecorator;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.ParserContext;
import org.w3c.dom.Attr;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class JCacheInitializingBeanDefinitionDecorator implements BeanDefinitionDecorator {
private static final String[] EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY = new String[0];
public BeanDefinitionHolder decorate(Node source, BeanDefinitionHolder holder,
ParserContext ctx) {
String initializerBeanName = registerJCacheInitializer(source, ctx);
createDependencyOnJCacheInitializer(holder, initializerBeanName);
return holder;
}
private void createDependencyOnJCacheInitializer(BeanDefinitionHolder holder,
String initializerBeanName) {
AbstractBeanDefinition definition = ((AbstractBeanDefinition) holder.getBeanDefinition());
String[] dependsOn = definition.getDependsOn();
if (dependsOn == null) {
dependsOn = new String[]{initializerBeanName};
} else {
List dependencies = new ArrayList(Arrays.asList(dependsOn));
dependencies.add(initializerBeanName);
dependsOn = (String[]) dependencies.toArray(EMPTY_STRING_ARRAY);
}
definition.setDependsOn(dependsOn);
}
private String registerJCacheInitializer(Node source, ParserContext ctx) {
String cacheName = ((Attr) source).getValue();
String beanName = cacheName + "-initializer";
if (!ctx.getRegistry().containsBeanDefinition(beanName)) {
BeanDefinitionBuilder initializer = BeanDefinitionBuilder.rootBeanDefinition(JCacheInitializer.class);
initializer.addConstructorArg(cacheName);
ctx.getRegistry().registerBeanDefinition(beanName, initializer.getBeanDefinition());
}
return beanName;
}
}
Lastly, the various artifacts need to be registered with the Spring XML infrastructure.
# in 'META-INF/spring.handlers' http\://www.foo.com/schema/jcache=com.foo.JCacheNamespaceHandler
# in 'META-INF/spring.schemas' http\://www.foo.com/schema/jcache/jcache.xsd=com/foo/jcache.xsd